Cover
Vol. 16 No. 1 (2025)

Published: February 16, 2025

Pages: 61-82

Review Paper

A Review for Faults Recognition in Analog Electronic Circuits Based on a Direct Tester Board

Abstract

The detection of faults in electronic circuits is crucial to ensure the proper performance and reliability of electronic applications that utilize these devices. This work discovers, for the first time, that a direct tester board for fault diagnosis can be used not only for the intended measurement of current and voltage but also for studying the potential development of these magnitudes in inaccessible locations, as it detects register transfer level signals through oscilloscopes with low acquisition speeds. The experimental analysis carried out combines the use of commercial software with spatial distribution tracking and the exploitation of the sizes of network links in their computer graphical representation. The proper detection of malfunctions in electronic systems is crucial for enhancing their performance and reliability. We intend to explore the troubleshooting of analog electronic systems, for which we use wide-band direct tester boards. To evaluate its performance in routine practice, we perform experimentation using two different analog circuits designed. They consist of conventional operational amplifiers and element modeling based on equivalent resistance-capacitance networks. Given the procedure followed, commercial programs were used. Special mention should be made of the conclusion matrix, which is interesting when selecting suitable diagnostic parameters. The effectiveness of direct measurement based on integrated probes in the two projects, which allowed for fault insertion, was also confirmed. The results and discussions were enriched by the summarized experimental test report.  The work concludes with a reflection on the relationship between this work and the existing state of the art, as well as the new challenges posed by international researchers.

References

  1. A. Netherton et al., “High capacity, low power, short reach integrated silicon photonic interconnects,” Photonics Research, vol. 12, no. 11, p. A69, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1364/prj.520203.
  2. S. K. Murray et al., “On-Chip dynamic Gate-Voltage waveform sampling in a 200-V GAN-On-SOI power IC,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 7150–7161, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1109/jestpe.2022.3163646.
  3. T. D. Perez and S. Pagliarini, “Hardware Trojan Insertion in Finalized Layouts: From Methodology to a silicon demonstration,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 2094–2107, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1109/tcad.2022.3223846.
  4. Y. Hu, L.-M. Peng, L. Xiang, and H. Zhang, “Flexible integrated circuits based on carbon nanotubes,” Accounts of Materials Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 88–99, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1021/accountsmr.0c00020.
  5. F. Yazdanpanah and R. Afsharmazayejani, “A systematic analysis of power saving techniques for wireless network-on-chip architectures,” Journal of Systems Architecture, vol. 126, p. 102485, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.sysarc.2022.102485.
  6. W. Fu, C.-F. Chien, and L. Tang, “Bayesian network for integrated circuit testing probe card fault diagnosis and troubleshooting to empower Industry 3.5 smart production and an empirical study,” J. Intelligent Manuf., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 785–798, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10845-020-01680-0.
  7. F. Mihalič, M. Truntič, and A. Hren, “Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations: A Historical Overview of engineering challenges,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 15, p. 2462, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.3390/electronics11152462.
  8. G. De Carne et al., “On Modeling Depths of Power Electronic Circuits for Real-Time Simulation – A Comparative Analysis for Power systems,” IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 9, pp. 76–87, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1109/oajpe.2022.3148777.
  9. A. Abuelnaga, M. Narimani, and A. S. Bahman, “A review on IGBT module failure modes and lifetime testing,” IEEE access, vol. 9, pp. 9643–9663, 2021.
  10. F. Blaabjerg, H. Wang, I. Vernica, B. Liu, and P. Davari, “Reliability of power Electronic systems for EV/HEV applications,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 1060–1076, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1109/jproc.2020.3031041
  11. P. Nama, P. Reddy, and S. K. Pattanayak, “Artificial Intelligence for Self-Healing Automation Testing Frameworks: Real-Time Fault Prediction and Recovery,” Artificial Intelligence, vol. 64, no. 3S, 2024, Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025.
  12. N. P. Nama, “Integrating AI in testing automation: Enhancing test coverage and predictive analysis for improved software quality,” World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 769–782, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.30574/wjaets.2024.13.1.0486.
  13. Z. Bai, P. Hao, W. ShangGuan, B. Cai, and M. J. Barth, “Hybrid Reinforcement Learning-Based Eco-Driving strategy for connected and automated vehicles at signalized intersections,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 15850–15863, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1109/tits.2022.3145798.
  14. M. Akibis, J. Pereira, D. Clark, V. Mitchell, and H. Alvarez, “Measuring ransomware propagation patterns via network traffic analysis: An automated approach,” 2024, Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-5180048/latest
  15. A. Andreta, L. F. L. Villa, Y. Lembeye, and J. C. Crebier, “A novel Automated design Methodology for Power Electronics Converters,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 271, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/electronics10030271
  16. P. Szcześniak, I. Grobelna, M. Novak, and U. Nyman, “Overview of control algorithm verification methods in Power Electronics Systems,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 14, p. 4360, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14144360.
  17. N. Kumar, H. K. Singh, and R. Niwareeba, “Adaptive control technique for portable solar powered EV charging adapter to operate in remote location,” IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems, vol. 4, pp. 115–125, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1109/ojcas.2023.3247573.
  18. W. Zhang, S. Liu, O. Gandhi, C. D. Rodriguez-Gallegos, H. Quan, and D. Srinivasan, “Deep-Learning-Based probabilistic estimation of solar PV soiling loss,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 2436–2444, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1109/tste.2021.3098677.
  19. H. Deboucha, S. Mekhilef, S. Belaid, and A. Guichi, “Modified deterministic Jaya (DM‐Jaya)‐based MPPT algorithm under partially shaded conditions for PV system,” IET power electron., vol. 13, no. 19, pp. 4625–4632, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2020.0736.
  20. K. Sangeethalakshmi, A. A. M. A. Riazulhameed, G. Arunachalam, D. Muthukumaran, D. J. W. Wise, and C. Srinivasan, “IoT and Random Forest-Based Solutions for Blood Gas Quality Assurance in Clinical Laboratories,” in 2024 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Smart Systems (ICSCSS), IEEE, 2024, pp. 340–345. Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10625431/
  21. P. Manickam et al., “Artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of medical things (IoMT) assisted biomedical systems for intelligent healthcare,” Biosensors, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 562, 2022.
  22. S. N. Swamy and S. R. Kota, “An empirical study on system level aspects of Internet of Things (IoT),” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 188082–188134, 2020.
  23. A. S. Albahri et al., “A systematic review of trustworthy and explainable artificial intelligence in healthcare: Assessment of quality, bias risk, and data fusion,” Information Fusion, vol. 96, pp. 156–191, 2023.
  24. K. B. Beć, J. Grabska, and C. W. Huck, “Principles and applications of miniaturized near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers,” Chemistry–A European Journal, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1514–1532, 2021.
  25. E. Heitzer et al., “Recommendations for a practical implementation of circulating tumor DNA mutation testing in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer,” ESMO open, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 100399, 2022.
  26. N.-E. Laadel, M. El Mansori, N. Kang, S. Marlin, and Y. Boussant-Roux, “Permeation barriers for hydrogen embrittlement prevention in metals–a review on mechanisms, materials suitability and efficiency,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no. 76, pp. 32707–32731, 2022.
  27. S. Rauf, A. A. Lahcen, A. Aljedaibi, T. Beduk, J. I. de Oliveira Filho, and K. N. Salama, “Gold nanostructured laser-scribed graphene: A new electrochemical biosensing platform for potential point-of-care testing of disease biomarkers,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 180, p. 113116, 2021.
  28. P. Forouzandeh, K. O’Dowd, and S. C. Pillai, “Face masks and respirators in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic: An overview of the standards and testing methods,” Safety science, vol. 133, p. 104995, 2021.
  29. G. Provelengios, D. Holcomb, and R. Tessier, “Power wasting circuits for cloud FPGA attacks,” in 2020 30th International Conference on Field-Programable Logic and Applications (FPL), IEEE, 2020, pp. 231–235. Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9221585/
  30. F. M. Shakiba, M. Shojaee, S. M. Azizi, and M. Zhou, “Real-time sensing and fault diagnosis for transmission lines,” International Journal of Network Dynamics and Intelligence, pp. 36–47, 2022.
  31. W. Khan, M. Z. Yousaf, A. R. Singh, S. Khalid, M. Bajaj, and I. Zaitsev, “Rotor angle stability of a microgrid generator through polynomial approximation based on RFID data collection and deep learning,” Sci. Rep., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 28342, 2024.
  32. A. Jain, Z. Zhou, and U. Guin, “Survey of recent developments for hardware trojan detection,” in 2021 ieee international symposium on circuits and systems (iscas), IEEE, 2021, pp. 1–5. Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9401143/
  33. D. R. Ghica, G. Kaye, and D. Sprunger, “A Fully Compositional Theory of Sequential Digital Circuits: Denotational, Operational and Algebraic Semantics,” Jan. 29, 2024, arXiv: arXiv:2201.10456. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2201.10456.
  34. M. Sanadhya and D. K. Sharma, “Study of Adiabatic Logic-Based Combinational and Sequential Circuits for Low-Power Applications,” in Low Power Architectures for IoT Applications, Springer, 2023, pp. 47–84. Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-0639-0_3
  35. S. Yang, X. Gao, and J. Ren, “Sequential circuits synthesis for rapid single flux quantum logic based on finite state machine decomposition,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 3315–3326, 2023.
  36. A. W. Colburn, K. J. Levey, D. O’Hare, and J. V. Macpherson, “Lifting the lid on the potentiostat: a beginner’s guide to understanding electrochemical circuitry and practical operation,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 23, no. 14, pp. 8100–8117, 2021.
  37. H. C. Ates et al., “End-to-end design of wearable sensors,” Nat Rev Mater, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 887–907, 2022. 38
  38. J. K. Han, S.-Y. Yun, S.-W. Lee, J.-M. Yu, and Y.-K. Choi, “A review of artificial spiking neuron devices for neural processing and sensing,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 32, no. 33, p. 2204102, 2022.
  39. D. Faranda et al., “A climate-change attribution retrospective of some impactful weather extremes of 2021,” Weather and Climate Dynamics Discussions, vol. 2022, pp. 1–37, 2022.
  40. H. Jin et al., “MXene analogue: a 2D nitride solid solution for high-rate hydrogen production,” Angew. Chem., vol. 134, no. 27, p. e202203850, 2022.
  41. Z. Kang, C. You, and R. Zhang, “Active-IRS-aided wireless communication: Fundamentals, designs and open issues,” IEEE Wireless Communications, 2024, Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10417102/
  42. C. Fu, F. Shen, H. Deng, and Z. Guo, “Application of Remote Virtual Reality Combined Experimental Platform in Integrated Operational Amplifier Experimental Teaching,” in 2024 5th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Application (ICCEA), IEEE, 2024, pp. 470–473. Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10603550/
  43. M. Saritha et al., “A VLSI design of clock gated technique based ADC lock-in amplifier,” Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 2743–2750, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13198-022-01747-6.
  44. M. Saikiran, M. Ganji, and D. Chen, “Robust DfT techniques for built-in fault detection in operational amplifiers with high coverage,” in 2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), IEEE, 2020, pp. 1–10. Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025.
  45. T. D. C. Busarello, M. G. Simões, and J. A. Pomilio, “Semiconductor diodes and transistors,” in Power Electronics Handbook, Elsevier, 2024, pp. 17–52. Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025.
  46. G. A. Rincón-Mora, “Field-Effect Transistors,” in Switched Inductor Power IC Design, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 45–102. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-95899-2_2.
  47. S. Yuvaraja, V. Khandelwal, X. Tang, and X. Li, “Wide bandgap semiconductor-based integrated circuits,” Chip, p. 100072, 2023.
  48. T. Zhong, J. Qu, X. Fang, H. Li, and Z. Wang, “The intermittent fault diagnosis of analog circuits based on EEMD-DBN,” Neurocomputing, vol. 436, pp. 74–91, 2021.
  49. G. Mastella, F. Corbi, J. Bedford, F. Funiciello, and M. Rosenau, “Forecasting Surface Velocity Fields Associated With Laboratory Seismic Cycles Using Deep Learning,” Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 49, no. 15, p. e2022GL099632, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1029/2022GL099632.
  50. C. Zhang, Y. He, T. Yang, B. Zhang, and J. Wu, “An Analog Circuit Fault Diagnosis Approach Based on Improved Wavelet Transform and MKELM,” Circuits Syst Signal Process, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 1255–1286, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s00034-021-01842-2.
  51. M. Allais, Economy and Interest: A New Presentation of the Fundamental Problems Related to the Economic Role of the Rate of Interest and Their Solutions. University of Chicago Press, 2024. Accessed: Jan. 19, 2025.
  52. W. Deng, J. Xu, Y. Song, and H. Zhao, “Differential evolution algorithm with wavelet basis function and optimal mutation strategy for complex optimization problem,” Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 100, p. 106724, 2021.
  53. Y. Kharazishvili, A. Kwilinski, O. Grishnova, and H. Dzwigol, “Social safety of society for developing countries to meet sustainable development standards: Indicators, level, strategic benchmarks (with calculations based on the case study of Ukraine),” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 21, p. 8953, 2020.
  54. S. Formica and F. Sfodera, “The Great Resignation and Quiet Quitting paradigm shifts: An overview of current situation and future research directions,” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 899–907, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1080/19368623.2022.2136601.
  55. A. R. Nasser, A. T. Azar, A. J. Humaidi, A. K. Al-Mhdawi, and I. K. Ibraheem, “Intelligent fault detection and identification approach for analog electronic circuits based on fuzzy logic classifier,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 23, p. 2888, 2021.
  56. E. Afacan, N. Lourenço, R. Martins, and G. Dündar, “Machine learning techniques in analog/RF integrated circuit design, synthesis, layout, and test,” Integration, vol. 77, pp. 113–130, 2021.
  57. M. Pradhan and B. B. Bhattacharya, “A survey of digital circuit testing in the light of machine learning,” WIREs Data Min & Knowl, vol. 11, no. 1, p. e1360, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1002/widm.1360.
  58. Y. Shang, S. Wang, N. Tang, Y. Fu, and K. Wang, “Research progress in fault detection of battery systems: a review,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 98, p. 113079, 2024.
  59. S. Wang, Y. Fan, S. Jin, P. Takyi-Aninakwa, and C. Fernandez, “Improved anti-noise adaptive long short-term memory neural network modeling for the robust remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion batteries,” Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol. 230, p. 108920, 2023.
  60. F. Naseri, S. Karimi, E. Farjah, and E. Schaltz, “Supercapacitor management system: A comprehensive review of modeling, estimation, balancing, and protection techniques,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 155, p. 111913, 2022.
  61. G. Barontini et al., “Measuring the stability of fundamental constants with a network of clocks,” EPJ Quantum Technol., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 12, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00130-5.
  62. L. Daumas, “Financial stability, stranded assets and the low‐carbon transition – A critical review of the theoretical and applied literatures,” Journal of Economic Surveys, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 601–716, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1111/joes.12551.
  63. A. Li, S. Zhuang, T. Yang, W. Lu, and J. Xu, “Optimization of logistics cargo tracking and transportation efficiency based on data science deep learning models,” Appl. Computational Eng., vol. 69, pp. 71–7, 2024.