The Organo modified and unmodified sodium montmorillonite clay effect on thermal and mechanical properties of the waste low density polyethylene (wLDPE) were studied. Commercialize unmodified (MMT) and Organo-modified clay (OMMT) were added to the wLDPE to prepare wLDPE-clay noncomposites by melt intercalation method. OMMT and MMT were added in a range of 1-5 wt %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) used to evaluate polymer structure before and after the fabrication. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to analyse the thermal stability and thermal properties for the wLDPE and fabricated nanocomposites. Tensile mechanical characteristics of the waste specimens before and after nanocompsite fabrication were evaluated. The FTIR exhibited no change in the chemical structure of the wLDPE used after clay addition. Melting temperature and crystallization percentage were increased up to 1 wt% loaded and decreased in with clay content increasing when compared to the original waste matrix. The thermal steadiness of the wLDPE /clay nanocomposites were found enhanced in the case of loading 3 wt% of OMMT. The elastic modulus has improved in the 3% OMMT loaded.
The research deals with a study carried out on the influence of iron oxide (Fe2O3) on the characteristics of kaolin clay and the possibility of reducing iron oxide percentage in kaolin clay in the location of Ghamij in Anbar Governorate, prior to using it in industry. The raw material used in the research contained about 5.72% of iron oxide. When such a percentage of iron oxide is contained in kaolin clay, it makes it harmful in numerous industries such as paper, plastic, drugs etc….. In this research the hydro metallurgy method was used where oxalic acid was diluted with distilled water, and with the help of heat and mixing ( as assisting factor) to cause iron oxide to melt and thereafter subjected to filtration and thus the ‘Bakkag’, i.e. white kaolin which was almost free from iron oxide was obtained. The sample of kaolin raw material weighted about 25 grammas and the acid diluted in the distilled water used along periods of (2, 3) hours weighted (4,5,6,7,8,10) grammas. The findings showed that this method is very practical in ridding the kaolin samples from iron oxide; in the sample where the concentration of the acid amounted to 6 along a 3- hour period, the percentage of iron oxid reduced to 3.2% In this way much of iron oxide melted and even its red color of the raw material changed to white. The same result was obtained by using a No. 10 concentration acid was used for two hours, the percentage of iron oxid reduced to 3.18%.The construction of iron oxide reach to 45%,the loss in weight of raw material used in this research is about 14%.
Fire clay are directly into kaolin with different weight percent. Density, shrinkage , water adsorption properties were studies at )1000C0 (and )1200C0 ( . All samples pressed under (10 tan) . The results showed that the fire clay increase density , at the same time decrease the shrinkage and water adsorption .
In this study the effect of sodium hydroxide on the strength of clayey soil-cement mixtures was investigated. Clay soils from three various locations of Kirkuk governorate namely Erbil, Laylan and Hawija check points were used. The effect of cement content, curing age, curing temperature and concentration of sodium hydroxide on the strength of soil-cement mixtures were investigated, through carrying out unconfined compressive strength, Triaxial compression and C.B.R tests. It was found that the use of sodium hydroxide markedly improves the strength of soil-cement mixtures. The addition of about 1% of sodium hydroxide by weight of soil could reduce about 5% of cement content by weight of soil required to stabilize the soils effectively.
Problematic soils, especially clayey soil, are problematic for engineering projects in their natural state because of clay's swell-shrinkage phenomenon. Numerous methods and stabilizer materials have been used to enhance clay's geotechnical properties and make them appropriate for construction. One of the significant methods of stabilization of problematic soil is using waste materials like waste glass, waste stone, waste plastic, etc. Due to the waste stone's consistency reducing water content and increasing the soil's strength, it has been employed in many civil engineering studies. Waste stone is available in various forms, including waste stone powder (WSP). WSP is produced by blasting tunnels or cutting huge stone blocks. Hence, the main aim of this study is to review the influence of WSP on improving the geotechnical properties of problematic soils treated with WSP, for this purpose, the treated problematic soils with various percentages of WSP are compared with natural soils. This study evaluates physical properties (i.e., Index properties, linear shrinkage/swelling, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density) and mechanical properties (i.e., unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio). Also, the effect of WSP on decreasing the thickness of pavement layers was reviewed
This investigation provides experimental results and nonlinear analysis by using finite element model of thick hollow core slab made from recycled lightweight material. Four hollow core slabs specimens were cast and tested in this investigation with dimensions (1200mm length, 450mm width and 250mm thickness). The crushed clay brick was used as a coarse aggregate instead of gravel. The iron powder waste and silica fume were used in order to increase the compressive strength of concrete. The techniques reduction hollow length and use shear reinforcement were used to improve shear strength and avoid shear failure. The specimens were tested by applying two-line load up to failure. The experimental results were showed these techniques were resisted the shear failure significantly and works to change failure mode from shear to flexural failure. Finite element computer software program (ANSYS) was used to analysis hollow core slabs specimens and compare the experimental results with the theoretical results. Good agreement have been obtained between experimental and numerical results.
The studying of the distribution of wetting patterns in soils having a stratified profile is of great importance due to the presence of this type of profile in abundance in agricultural lands, including greenhouses. Therefore, there was a need to develop a numerical program that predicts the dimensions of the wet area of the subsurface drip irrigation system under different operating conditions for purpose design and manage these systems properly to avoid water losses resulting from evaporation or deep penetration. The present study aims to develop a two-dimension model simulates the wetting pattern in stratified soils using (HYDRUS-2D) software and study the effect of soil hydraulic properties and different operating conditions on the progress of the wetness pattern and the interference pattern between two wetting fronts. Laboratory experiments were carried out for the system of subsurface drip irrigation in stratified soils that consisted of three layers (silty clay loam soil, loamy sand soil, and sand soil) arranged from bottom to up. Three different emitter flow rates 0.5, 1, and 2 l/h were tested, as well as three different initial moisture contents for each soil layer were considered. The interference pattern between two wetting fronts of two emitters with different spacing between emitters 30, 40, and 50 cm was studied. A numerical model was developed to guess the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the wetting zone for the single emitter and the pattern of interference between the two wetting fronts of two emitters. The predicted values obtained from the numerical model were compared with those obtained from laboratory experiments. Statistical analysis of the obtained data showed that the developed numerical model has a good ability to guess the dimensions of the wet pattern of the single and the two emitters and there were good agreements between the predicted and the experiments results and minimum values of RMSE ranged between 0. 5 and 3.6 were achieved.
The focusing in this study was on the contaminated-uncontaminated soils' properties whichstudied by performing experimental tests included, Atterberg’s limit, specific gravity, compaction,unconfined compression, and direct shear tests. Different % of crude oil was used in thecontaminated soils which are performed by mixing the soils using different percent of were oilof 3 %, 6 % and 9 % by dry weight. The main effect of oil contamination causes a reduction in theliquid and plastic limit values for clayey soil. Besides oil contamination gives a reduction in themaximum dry unit weight as well as a decreasing the optimum water content with comparisonto original soil (clayey and sandy soil). The angle of internal friction is decreased for sand whileit increases for clay is one of oil contamination results.
In geotechnical engineering, considered the seepage of water that occur through the soil medium is one of the important problems that must be accurately studied; therefor, knowledge of influencing factors on the value of seepage for the soil is a necessary when designing an earth dam. In this study seepage through Al-Wand dam was analyze by using SEEP/W model. It is a sub- program of Geo- Studio where it used to determine amount of seepage through the body of the dam and study the effect of the change of thickness of core and effect of construction without filter in amount of leakage. The results were that the quantity of leakage was small effected when reducing the thickness of core and when construct the Al-Wand dam without filter at different level of water in upstream.