The cash flow forecasting is beneficial for the project in both the tender stage and during the project construction progress, where the contractors want to make sure that their planned cash funds is sufficient to cover any possible financial deficit of the project. This research aims to find out minimum fund needed for highway projects in Iraq required by the contractor to maintain the progress of work under some circumstances and effects of the shortage of fund, particularly in case of payment delay, in addition to the implication of the payment delay. Data from record files of 9 highway projects in Iraq, of the unit price type contracts. It was found that the minimum fund required is 20.944 percent of the contract value of three months delay . The minimum fund required for those projects is directly proportional to the time of payment delay. The minimum fund required for projects is represented in a linear equation as a function of payment delay time, such equation would help the contractor to estimate the future amount of minimum fund required for any delay in months. Interim profit is calculated for the purpose of comparison with the expected profit for the purpose of exploring the consequences in case exceedance. Because of the use of unit price contracts in the implementation of highway projects in Iraq, it did not cause the appearance that the contractor receives large profit at early stages of the project. The delay in payment leads to negative results, including the delay in the project, reduces the level of performance of the contractor which is negatively affects project, reduce the quality of implementation and, increased cost of the project in case of the contractor to claim compensation for the damage, as well as the occurrence of a difference in currency and inflation due to the time difference between the payment date and the actual date.
Traffic accidents and traffic delay have a negative impact on the mobility traffic flow due to their huge costs on the transport system. Thus one of the main primary aims for transport policy makers are reducing the negative effect of traffic accidents and traffic delay on the road network. In this study, fixed and random parameters Tobit models have been developed to model the accident rates from 20 intersections in Al-Karakh district in Baghdad City, Iraq. The safety significant of logarithm of annual average daily traffic, the percentage of heavy vehicles and the delay time for both major and minordirections for each intersection on the accident rates were evaluated. The main finding of this study shows that delay has an important effect on traffic accident rates of intersections. Regarding to the effect of other factors on traffic Accident rates, the result of the model shows that the logarithm of annual average daily flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles for both major and minor directions of the intersection are positively associated with more accident rates.
Hilla cities center of province Babil is one of the most important cities in Iraq 100 km (62 mi) south of Baghdad .its relate the Governorate Baghdad with Governorates south Al-Thawra signalized intersection is one of the most important intersections in AL-Hilla city Being a major crossing point to the governorates of holy Karbala and Baghdad.The excessive traffic volumes, during the peak periods (at morning and evening), of vehicles that entering the intersection increase traffic density, reduce travel speed, increase travel time, and increase the delay values This paper aims to assess the traffic performance of Al-thawra signalized intersection in Babil city that is consistent with the existing conditions and intersection's geometric properties. For all approaches, video recording has been used to collect traffic volume data. These data are taken out of videos from Babil police cameras (department of communications and information systems)..The intersection was evaluated and analyzed using the SYNCHRO 10.0 software, and the best option was selected. The outcome of the evaluation process indicated that the intersection is operated at the level of service (LOS F) and with a control delay of 162.5 seconds.by recommending a variety of strategies, ranging from signal optimization to geometric enhancements. The suggestion of widening the pavement in the north-south direction was found to be the best solution. resulting in a decrease in vehicle delays from 162.2 seconds to 95.4 seconds and the level of service remains constant (LOS F) considered an acceptable and cost-effective solution to the intersection's problems.
The increase in traffic volumes at intersections is one of the important problems that makes difficulties in the traffic movement then leads to traffic congestion in these facilities.The objective of the present study is improvement the traffic operation of the selected intersection (Al-Zeoat intersection) in Al-Ramadi city by analysis and evaluation this intersection and using accepted solutions to improve the traffic operation of Al-Zeoat intersection under local exist conditions and present a best proposal to enhance the performance at the intersection.To achieve these objectives, the traffic volumes data collection and geometric layout for Al-Zeoat intersection that required for the traffic and geometrical analysis were gathered manually, while SIDRA traffic program is used for the requirements of traffic analysis process.
The quality of the built environment could highly impact our state of wellbeing, by affecting our stress and exposure within the building environment. Scientific studies linked stress to depression, diabetes, obesity, and cardiac disease. Hospitals considered as stressful places due to their inconvenient experiences. The theory of Salutogenic design aims to reduce stress through the implementation of an interdisciplinary design study to enhance the sense of coherence ( SOC) for any individual to be able to adapt himself to the overall life challenges. Salutogenic defines several factors which can affect an individual’s state of well-being in any space. This research limited on two of these design factors (daylight, colour) within three selected hospital through a critical methodology using a sample questionnaire of 15 questions headed to 90 from all three hospitals. the second part of the methodology using a Light-meter device for calculating the amount of Lux in actual hospital conditions, the third part of research methodology is a simulation program (Ecotect) to have an adequate daylight calculation in the wards of all three hospitals as well as the lighting distribution with (daylight factor) to evaluate the efficiency of wards in Erbil city. The last part of the study is by a field investigation by the researcher for the implementation of Salutogenic Colours. through a critical methodology approach.The research results shows that wards of three hospitals has a poor natural daylight to penetrate the building, and hospitals depends mainly on artificial light which causes uncomfortability and inconsitnecy in treatment process. Patients prefrences are twords new colours such as turquoise, palepink, and blue rather than the tradtional colours used in Erbil governmental hospitals. using light meter as assessment tool to compare between the Ecotec Lux measurement and the actual condition of lighting in hospital. The evaluation of three Wards within hospitals shows clearly the un sufficiency of natural lighting which leads to needing of artificial daylight. And might delay the process of recovery. Ecotect calculates the most suitable design condition in any city and finds other suitable orientations for buildings.
In a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), routing protocols rely on asymmetric links so the received information for one connection is not useful at all for the other one. In this paper there are two approaches put under considerations; the first approach is a simulation of MANET with many nodes in one network based FTP traffic. The second approach is a simulation of the combination between WiFi and WiMax wireless technologies in one network based on the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16 standards respectively. For these two approaches, the simulation considers the situation that the MANET receives traffic from another network via a common gateway. In addition, the mobile nodes are randomly placed in the network that will provide the possibility of multihop routes from a node to another. The standard MANET’s routing protocol is Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing (AODV), whose performance is evaluated in this work with respect to routing overhead, throughput and end-to-end delay. Several scenarios' simulations using WLAN technology were tested to investigate the behavior of the network performance for logical and office applications with fixed and mobile workstations. These networks are considered to operate on a single-hop or multi-hop basis where nodes in the network are able to act as intermediaries (routers) for communications of other nodes. Nodes in these networks are forced to operate with power limited batteries for power saving goal as well as the bandwidth constrained is considered.
Temperature distribution through asphalt and the underlying layer have been obtained numerically using finite element method where a varying induced heat from sun and environment cause fluctuating temperature distribution throughout .The maximum effect of these parameters on the temperature of the asphalt is expected in summer, so the temperature distribution was studied in the summer only. Some interesting results were found ; at tropical zone such as in Baghdad the asphalt surface temperature may reach (70 C ) and it is reduced with depth .Due to fluctuating environment heat effect, the subsequent temperature of the asphalt and the underlying layer may fluctuating with some delay and damping depending on the layers thermal properties , these result may be used later to predict both the erosion rate of car tiers and asphalt thickness, also the preserved energy using asphalt layer may be used to confined heat for further usage as in electrical generation.