Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane filtering system that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove contaminants from water before sending the purified water on to be used in a number of settings, such as households and factories. The goal of this study is to investigate the process of reverse osmosis as well as the current status of the membrane materials that are used in the process. These membrane materials are the driving elements in the process. This review also includes a discussion on the cleaning of membranes, the utilization of RO systems for a number of applications, and new advancements in the field of reverse osmosis. In the process of cleaning water, reverse osmosis, also known as RO, is a potent technique that makes use of a semi-permeable membrane to remove hazardous bacteria as well as dissolved particles. This technique is utilized on a regular basis for the purpose of desalinating seawater for use in drinking, agricultural, and industrial applications.
%95.21 in (25 c°, 35 c°, 45 c°). In the anaerobic treatment SRF is reduction by percent %91.65, %97.25, %92.7 in (25 c°, 35 c°, 45 c°). Percent reduction of dry solid (DS) concentration in the aerobic treatment is %7.61, %9.3 in (25c°, 35c°, 45c°) respectively. While in the aerobic treatment the percent reduced of DS was %75, %51, %16 respectively with (25c°, 35c°, 45c°). The results showed the effect of aerobic and anaerobic treatments of activated sludge with three different temperatures (25c°, 35c°, 45c°), on the dewatering of sludge and its stability and the hydraulic detention time with using bioelectricity cell. The study outcomes revealed that the biological treatment is enhanced dewaterability of the activated sludge for aerobic and anaerobic treatment, in the aerobic treatment the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is reduction by percent%95.7.
The research deals with a study carried out on the influence of iron oxide (Fe2O3) on the characteristics of kaolin clay and the possibility of reducing iron oxide percentage in kaolin clay in the location of Ghamij in Anbar Governorate, prior to using it in industry. The raw material used in the research contained about 5.72% of iron oxide. When such a percentage of iron oxide is contained in kaolin clay, it makes it harmful in numerous industries such as paper, plastic, drugs etc….. In this research the hydro metallurgy method was used where oxalic acid was diluted with distilled water, and with the help of heat and mixing ( as assisting factor) to cause iron oxide to melt and thereafter subjected to filtration and thus the ‘Bakkag’, i.e. white kaolin which was almost free from iron oxide was obtained. The sample of kaolin raw material weighted about 25 grammas and the acid diluted in the distilled water used along periods of (2, 3) hours weighted (4,5,6,7,8,10) grammas. The findings showed that this method is very practical in ridding the kaolin samples from iron oxide; in the sample where the concentration of the acid amounted to 6 along a 3- hour period, the percentage of iron oxid reduced to 3.2% In this way much of iron oxide melted and even its red color of the raw material changed to white. The same result was obtained by using a No. 10 concentration acid was used for two hours, the percentage of iron oxid reduced to 3.18%.The construction of iron oxide reach to 45%,the loss in weight of raw material used in this research is about 14%.