Earthquakes are one of the most serious natural disasters affecting the stability and the durability of buildings, threatening the life of its occupants. These buildings should be withstanding earthquakes by both architectural and structural engineers. The Integration between structural and envelope system is negatively affected due to; the lack of architectural knowledge in earthquake resistance, and the absence of cooperation between architectural and structural engineers in earthquake resistant design. In this research the lack in the nature of the integrative relationship between the structural and envelope system of earthquake-resistant buildings design is presented. Also, he relationship between these systems, their patterns, and levels in the building to resist earthquakes are highlighted. Where the concept of integration, patterns and levels are verified, using inductive methodology (descriptive, and analytical) through election, analyzing of two different case studies. major result show that the performance pattern is the most common type of three other integration patterns. Also the envelope ,structural system response achieves an equal degree of response as both of them are integrated with each other without revoking one the role of other or affecting the optimal seismic resistance of buildings, and conclusion are presented further.
This study aims to examine the relationship between the corrosion rate of longitudinal tensile steel bars and the maximum flexural strength of reinforced concrete RC beams. The study's methodology is designed to show the structural behavior of corroded and non-corroded RC beams, such as ultimate load, deflection, stiffness, crack patterns, and failure mode. Three rectangular beams were cast with dimensions (150× 200 ×1200) mm, and all specimens have the same amount of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement and the same concrete strength. The major parameter is the theoretical mass loss level due to corrosion (0, 10, 15) %. Electrochemical technique was used to accelerate the corrosion in the longitudinal tensile bars. All RC beams were tested under four-point monotonic loading. The test results confirm that the cracking load in corroded beams decreased by 25% comparative to the non- corroded beam. The increase of the percent of corrosion experimental mass loss by 8.25 and 14.15 % decreased the ultimate load by about 14 % and 27%, respectively. This reduction coincided with the decrease in deflection values in mid-span for the ultimate load, which decreased by 53.9% and 46.3%. However, the flexural stiffness was reduced by 13.4 and 15.6% for corroded beams with mass loss (8.25 and 14.15), respectively, compared to the control beam (non-corroded RC beam).
Recently, the sustainability issue has become crucial to operation, which motivates researchers to search for naturally generated, sustainable materials, especially in automotive applications outside of reduced prices and enhanced performance. Glass-linen/Polyvinyl Butyral hybrid composites' mechanical characteristics were examined in relation to the effect of linen fiber loading. The composite and hybrid composite samples of linen/glass fiber reinforced PVB film were created using a hot press with various layering patterns. The results were high impact values with increased both tensile and flexural strength values. Compared to other hybrid composites, the mechanical behaviors of the H1 (Glass / Linen) hybrid have a greater tensile strength measuring 401.30 MPa, while, H2 (Glass / Linen/ Glass) hybrids are found to have the highest flexural strength, measuring 160.80 MPa. An optical and scanning electron microscope morphological analysis on linen hybrid composites revealed good results. This indicated decreased rates of delamination between the fibers and matrix layers. The loading of the fibers was shown to have varying effects on the composite's mechanical behaviors. The linen/glass composites also demonstrated strong interfacial adhesion, which enabled the PVB-phenolic resin to penetrate the fiber bundles and produce a matrix with the good interlocking of the fibers
Contemporary researches focused on studying the social effect on architecture from several sides which were distinguished by focusing on the role of mass in forming the architectural personality of that society from the perspective of symbolic side, and moved away from studying this role and its effect on architectural formation from other sides which are more comprehensive and specialized by adding another role that is the individual role from the base of the design influence, and this is what form the foundation and the real need for breakthrough research and quest to understand and view the appropriate comprehensive by studying utilitarian dimension of the relationship between the individual as a designer and the requirements of the group. This research aims to identify the general principles of the relationship of the individual designer group in the light of his understanding of the needs of Variation and their impact in creating a theoretical base for the case of expediency of that relationship and then focus on the study of Instant intellectual emotional bond between the thought of the individual (the designer), the Community and the impact of technology social where the status of the interaction between them and so in order to build a framework My perception is cognitive will be applied to the product of an architect team in order to extract and analyze the results of this application and to explore patterns verify the utilitarian formula of the relationship of the individual (the designer) the group with the introduction of the final conclusions and recommendations.
The present study was concerned with the analysis, simulation of the air flow pat-terns and thermal comfort levels in the University of Anbar at conferences hall (Ibn Al Haitham hall). The study was performed in a hot - dry season. The pur-pose of the present work was to investigate the level of thermal comfort and the influence of the air flow on the flow patterns at the conferences hall. It has been assumed that the total number of occupying audiences in the hall was approxi-mately 100 persons. The present work simulated and analyzed four hypothetical cases, namely: in the first case, the hall was assumed as an empty place, whereas the other three cases were performed by redistribution for the three units of air conditioning, the hall was assumed as a filled place with persons in September 2019. The study was accomplished using simulation techniques, a CFD code (FLUENT 6.2) v.17, which is commercially available. The CFD modelling tech-niques were applied to solve the continuity, momentum and the energy conserva-tion equations in addition to the Turbulence k-є (RNG) model equations for a tur-bulence closure model. Thermal comfort was assessed by finding the values of predicted mean vote (PMV), predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD), and ASHRAE standard-55. In conclusion, the second case was the superior in compar-ison to these other cases. It was noted that the PMV value was 0.17, whereas the PPD value was 6.79 at the breathing level.
The studying of the distribution of wetting patterns in soils having a stratified profile is of great importance due to the presence of this type of profile in abundance in agricultural lands, including greenhouses. Therefore, there was a need to develop a numerical program that predicts the dimensions of the wet area of the subsurface drip irrigation system under different operating conditions for purpose design and manage these systems properly to avoid water losses resulting from evaporation or deep penetration. The present study aims to develop a two-dimension model simulates the wetting pattern in stratified soils using (HYDRUS-2D) software and study the effect of soil hydraulic properties and different operating conditions on the progress of the wetness pattern and the interference pattern between two wetting fronts. Laboratory experiments were carried out for the system of subsurface drip irrigation in stratified soils that consisted of three layers (silty clay loam soil, loamy sand soil, and sand soil) arranged from bottom to up. Three different emitter flow rates 0.5, 1, and 2 l/h were tested, as well as three different initial moisture contents for each soil layer were considered. The interference pattern between two wetting fronts of two emitters with different spacing between emitters 30, 40, and 50 cm was studied. A numerical model was developed to guess the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the wetting zone for the single emitter and the pattern of interference between the two wetting fronts of two emitters. The predicted values obtained from the numerical model were compared with those obtained from laboratory experiments. Statistical analysis of the obtained data showed that the developed numerical model has a good ability to guess the dimensions of the wet pattern of the single and the two emitters and there were good agreements between the predicted and the experiments results and minimum values of RMSE ranged between 0. 5 and 3.6 were achieved.