This research paper is an attempt to reuse plastic waste fibre resulting from plastic sections industry as an additive to concrete matrix. The relationship between fibre volume fraction and mechanical properties of concrete and re-inforced concrete tiles was investigated. Three volume fractions of fibre ( 0.5 % , 1 % and 1.5 % - by volume of concrete ) were used through the experi-mental program. Tests’ results proved a slight decrease in concrete compres-sive strength as plastic fibre was added compared with the reference mix. Flexural behaviour of concrete tiles was enhanced as adding fibres. Adding fibre to Concrete results in a negligible reduction in concrete density. Fibre with high volume fractions improved Splitting tensile strength compared to the reference mix.
The impact resistances of concrete slabs have a different volume fraction replacement of waste plastic aggregate has been examined in this study as a fine aggregate as: 0% (reference), 10%, 20% and 30%. These tests include the splitting tensile, density, compressive strength. Also, the (ultrasonic pulse velocity tests) was carried out. Repeated falling mass was used in order to carry out the low-velocity impact test in which a 1300 gm steel ball was utilized. From a height of 2400mm, the ball falls freely on concrete panels of (500×500×50 mm) with a network of waste plastic aggregate. As per the results, a prominent development was seen in the mechanical properties for mixes involving polyethylene aggregate up to 20% as compared to the reference mix. A significant development was seen in low-velocity impact resistance of all mixes involving waste plastic fine aggregate as compared to reference mix. As per the results, the greater impact resistance at failure is offered by the mix with (20%) waste plastic aggregate by volume of sand than others. The reference mix increased by (712.5%).
This study aims to improve different properties of sustainable self-compacting concrete SCC containing treated and modified polyethylene terephthalate PET fibers. For this purpose, gamma ray surface treatment and geometric modification were utilized for the used PET fibers. Concrete fresh properties include slump flow, T500mm, L-box and sieve segregation while mechanical properties include compressive, split tensile strength, flexural strength, static modulus of elasticity and impact strength. Further, physical properties and related durability properties comprise dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, porosity and water absorption. The results obtained demonstrated that the treatment and the modification used for the PET fibers slightly reduced the fresh properties of produced sustainable SCC (slump flow, T500 mm, L-Box and sieve segregation). However, they were within the limits of the SCC specification as reported in EFNERC guidelines. Further, concrete hardened properties in terms of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, impact strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, decrease in the dry density, decrease in porosity and water absorption increased significantly.
Progressive collapse is a partial or total failure of a building that mostly occurs when the build-ing loses primary structural elements (typically columns) due to accidental or natural hazards. The failure of structures due to an earthquake is one of the most important and frequent types of progressive collapse. In this study, the finite element method is used to assess the response of multistory reinforced concrete buildings subjected to column loss during an earthquake. Three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analyses are carried out using SAP2000 V.20 program. The ef-fects of different parameters on the progressive collapse behavior are investigated, namely: the location of the removed column within the ground floor; the method of column removal (sudden, in two-steps, and in four-steps) and the removal timing during the earthquake. It is demonstrated that the collapse occurs when all or most of the hinges at the bases of the ground floor columns reach their collapse level. The chosen column removal timing and policy affect the structural behavior considerably. It is realized that, the risk of building collapse increases when the removal timing harmonizes with the peak ground acceleration timing. Based on the adopted earthquake characteristics and building configurations, it is found that, the two steps removal scenario is the most dangerous one.Keywords:Progressive collapse, Concrete buildings, Seismic load, Nonlinear dynamic analysis, Plastic hinge.© 2014
The Cross-Rolling (CR) process is a severe plastic deformation technique that was used to roll aluminum alloy 6061. However, this process is accompanied by many disadvantages, such as spring back due to elastic recovery. This research aims to investigate the effect of cross-rolling on the spring back phenomenon by examining the main parameters that affect the forming process. Two different routes of cross-rolling were used: the first route, called two-step cross-rolling (TSCR), and the second, multi-step cross-rolling (MSCR), were employed to achieve high deformation and superior mechanical properties. The samples were bent using the V-bending process at three different speeds (5, 10, and 15 mm/min). The results showed that the rolling route and the change in cutting direction led to increased plastic deformation, thus increasing the spring-back factor. The type of route and cutting direction significantly impacted both the maximum load and the springback results.
Cosmetic surgery is more prevalent in the world in recent years. A beautiful and flawless face is everyone's dream. Aging, environmental factors, disease, or poor diet are among the factors that influence body wrinkles. Various methods are used to reduce these lines. It can be said that the simplest and most effective solution is to inject cosmetic fluids into these areas. But, due to the increase in facial injections using cosmetic fluids, which are considered toxins, the risk of injury to the surrounding facial nerves and injury to one of the main facial nerves is increasing, creating a catastrophe or deformation in the face irreversibly. Deep learning algorithms have been used to determine whether cosmetic fluids are injected or not. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), VGG16, ResNet....etc deep learning algorithms have demonstrated excellent performance in terms of object detection, picture classification, and semantic segmentation. all the suggested approach consists of three stages: feature extraction, training, and testing/validation. Deep learning technology is used to train and test the system with before and after photographs. Numerous investigations have been carried out using various deep learning algorithms and databases the main goal is to attain maximum accuracy to ensure that injected cosmetic fluids by specialists have been injected in safe areas in addition to facial recognition and determining whether or not the person received an injection. The most used databases are IIITD plastic surgery and HDA_Plastic surgery.
Due to the expansion of industrial operations globally in recent years, waste output has risen. So these wastes must be reduced by recycling and reusing to achieve environmentally friendly buildings and find various alternative materials in critical cases. The statistical indicators are used as practical study including Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The study's goals were to assess the effectiveness of granite waste (GW) as a replacement for cement, sand, plastic, and binder in specific building applications and the relationships between MLR and ANN approaches. Results show the efficiency of adding granite waste to some construction stages and replacing it with cement in the mixture and examining its strength, it gave excellent results in addition to good results for its use as a binder in cement mortar, while the results were weak when used as a substitute for sand and plastic in insulator because it's classified as fine sand, Therefore, it cannot be used as a substitute for sand in the construction. The statistical models give an effective indicator to use GW as an alternative material ( binder and cement) based on the coefficient of correlation (R2) for the two models MLR and ANN equal to 83.4 % and 80 % respectively.
The research deals with a study carried out on the influence of iron oxide (Fe2O3) on the characteristics of kaolin clay and the possibility of reducing iron oxide percentage in kaolin clay in the location of Ghamij in Anbar Governorate, prior to using it in industry. The raw material used in the research contained about 5.72% of iron oxide. When such a percentage of iron oxide is contained in kaolin clay, it makes it harmful in numerous industries such as paper, plastic, drugs etc….. In this research the hydro metallurgy method was used where oxalic acid was diluted with distilled water, and with the help of heat and mixing ( as assisting factor) to cause iron oxide to melt and thereafter subjected to filtration and thus the ‘Bakkag’, i.e. white kaolin which was almost free from iron oxide was obtained. The sample of kaolin raw material weighted about 25 grammas and the acid diluted in the distilled water used along periods of (2, 3) hours weighted (4,5,6,7,8,10) grammas. The findings showed that this method is very practical in ridding the kaolin samples from iron oxide; in the sample where the concentration of the acid amounted to 6 along a 3- hour period, the percentage of iron oxid reduced to 3.2% In this way much of iron oxide melted and even its red color of the raw material changed to white. The same result was obtained by using a No. 10 concentration acid was used for two hours, the percentage of iron oxid reduced to 3.18%.The construction of iron oxide reach to 45%,the loss in weight of raw material used in this research is about 14%.
Determinations of unsaturated soil parameters using experimental procedures are time consuming and difficult. In recent years, the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) has become an important tool in the interpretation of the engineering behavior of unsaturated soils. Difficulties associated with determining such parameters have justified the use of indirect determination. This paper presents the general nature of the SWCC for soils with different plasticity limits, index and gradation, in terms of gravimetric water content and degree of saturation versus soil matric suction from Anbar governorate. In order to investigate possible relationships between the plasticity limits, index, percent passing no.200 and SWCC, 7 type of soils were tested to find its SWCC experimentally and compared the result with the curves obtained from different model presented in the literature. The objectives of the paper were to check the validity of these models with the experimental results. The results shows a good agreement and to present a simple method for inferring the SWCC for soils, taking into account the liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and percent of fines passing sieve no.200.
The focusing in this study was on the contaminated-uncontaminated soils' properties whichstudied by performing experimental tests included, Atterberg’s limit, specific gravity, compaction,unconfined compression, and direct shear tests. Different % of crude oil was used in thecontaminated soils which are performed by mixing the soils using different percent of were oilof 3 %, 6 % and 9 % by dry weight. The main effect of oil contamination causes a reduction in theliquid and plastic limit values for clayey soil. Besides oil contamination gives a reduction in themaximum dry unit weight as well as a decreasing the optimum water content with comparisonto original soil (clayey and sandy soil). The angle of internal friction is decreased for sand whileit increases for clay is one of oil contamination results.
Problematic soils, especially clayey soil, are problematic for engineering projects in their natural state because of clay's swell-shrinkage phenomenon. Numerous methods and stabilizer materials have been used to enhance clay's geotechnical properties and make them appropriate for construction. One of the significant methods of stabilization of problematic soil is using waste materials like waste glass, waste stone, waste plastic, etc. Due to the waste stone's consistency reducing water content and increasing the soil's strength, it has been employed in many civil engineering studies. Waste stone is available in various forms, including waste stone powder (WSP). WSP is produced by blasting tunnels or cutting huge stone blocks. Hence, the main aim of this study is to review the influence of WSP on improving the geotechnical properties of problematic soils treated with WSP, for this purpose, the treated problematic soils with various percentages of WSP are compared with natural soils. This study evaluates physical properties (i.e., Index properties, linear shrinkage/swelling, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density) and mechanical properties (i.e., unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio). Also, the effect of WSP on decreasing the thickness of pavement layers was reviewed
In this current experimental research, the amount of improvement in the thermal conductivity of HEC hybrid epoxy resins was studied by adding copper oxide nanoparticles CuONp and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as hybrid additives in different proportions to select the sample with the highest thermal conductivity value to include it in the design of the Flat Plate Solar Collector FPSC as Thermal Interface Material TIM reduces thermal resistance between the absorber plate and the tube. Four groups of samples were prepared using a mass balance with a sensitivity of 0.01g and a magnetic mixing device, then poured into cubic plastic molds to take the shape of the sample. The first group consists of one sample of pure epoxy to calibrate the thermal properties testing device through it. The second group consists of five samples of epoxy loaded with CNTs by weight (1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10) %. The third group consists of five samples of epoxy loaded with CuONp with weight percentages of (1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10) %. The fourth group consists of five samples of epoxy loaded with CuONp and CNTs combined in weight percentages of (1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10) %. The thermal conductivity of the samples was measured experimentally using the hot disk analyzer technique to measure thermal specifications. After comparing the thermal conductivity values of the samples, the highest value was 1.57 W/mK for the HEC sample loaded with 10% CNTs, which represents 9.23 times higher than pure epoxy
The corrosion of reinforcement iron is one of the dangerous problems in middle and west of Iraq and Arabian gulf which is needed to large investigations because of increasing of chloride salts in soil and ground water and rising of temperature at summer which encourage of finding the shrinkage cracks in their two types : Plastic and drying shrinkage . cracks are easy way for harmful ions present at soil and ground water to enter through reinforced concrete making damage for protection film a rounding rein forced iron and led to rust with cracks in concrete cover a rounding rein forced iron added to its may be to cause structural damage in members of rein forced concrete because of absence of a adhesive between concrete and steel leading to structural failure . This research presents study for this problem and knowing their causes and methods to reduce it. Experimental work show that the concrete exposed to chlorides leads to decreasing in density with ratio (1.5%) and decreasing in flextural strength with ratio (138%) at age (28) day .
The construction of pavement layers on subgrade soil with good characteristics decreases the thickness of these layers, which in turn lowers the cost of building and maintaining roadways. However, it is impossible to avoid constructing pavements on unsuitable subgrade due to a number of limitations. Using conventional additives like lime and cement to improve subgrade properties results in additional costs. As a result, utilizing by-products (cement kiln dust and reclaimed asphalt pavement) in this field has benefits for the environment, economy, and technology. Large amounts of cement kiln dust (CKD), a by-product material, are produced in Portland cement factories. On the other hand, large amounts of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) are accumulated as a result of the rehabilitation of old roads. This paper discusses using CKD and RAP to improve the characteristics of poor subgrade layers by conducting a series of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests on samples of natural soil and soil stabilized with different percentages of CKD and RAP with different curing times to investigate their impacts on soil properties. The curing was carried out by wrapping the stabilized samples with several layers of nylon and then placing them in plastic bags at room temperature. The compaction results illustrated that the addition of CKD increases OMC and decreases MDD, in contrast to RAP, which decreases OMC and increases MDD. The addition of CKD and RAP led to a significant and unexpected increase in the CBR values. The results show that the soaked and unsoaked CBR values improve from 3.4% and 12.1% for natural soil to 220.1% and 211%, respectively, after adding 20% CKD and curing the samples for 28 days. Also, the addition of 25% RAP to soil-20% CKD blend increased the soaked and unsoaked CBR values to 251% and 215%, respectively. All the additions resulted in a significant reduction in swelling.