This paper presents a method for controlling the speed of a DC motor that is energized individually by utilizing a DC-DC Buck converter that is fed from a DC source. It can be easily controlled with the help of different types of DC-DC converters. This project was introduced a study and analyses of the buck DC to DC converter with PID controller cascaded with DC motors which is simulated in MATLAB. The required speed of the DC motor can then be obtained by giving a variable regulated voltage to the armature of the DC motor. A controller of the proportional-integral type is utilized so that the user can adjust both the amount of current flowing through the DC motor as well as the rate at which it rotates. These controllers allow for a quick control response. In addition to that, this paper presents a Simulink model for a DC motor that was created with Matlab Simulink. The purpose behind the development of the current and speed controller was to achieve stable and high-speed control of the DC motor. The final step is the display of the simulation results for the proposed system, which show that they are consistent with the expected results. This paper shown the DC motors was able to reach the necessary speed within a few attempts; however, as the load rose, the settling time increased as well.
This research focuses on studying the speed flow density relationships which are considered the fundamental traffic flow relationships. The objective of the present study is to predict statistical models represent these relationships depending on a field survey data collected from Al-Thirthar road in Falluja city.Data were collected by using video-recording technique. The required data were abstracted, analyzed, grouped, and processed using computer programs developed for this purpose. Standard statistical analysis techniques were used to examine and analyze the observed data.FWASIM simulation traffic software program was used to verify the predicted traffic stream models, while the obtained results were presented in this research. To test the validity and reliability of the model, the output results of the predicated model were compared with the output data obtained from FWASIM model using similar input data and segment geometry. The comparison leads to consider that the developed regression model may be used to evaluate the performance of urban streets in Falluja city.
Reducing energy consumption and to ensure thermal comfort are two important considerations in designing an air conditioning system. The control strategy proposed is fuzzy logic controller (FLC).This paper describes the development of an algorithm for air condition control system based on fuzzy logic (FL) to provide the conditions necessary for comfort living inside a building.Simulation of the controlling air conditioning system, on which the strategy is adopted, was carried out based on MATLAB This system consists of two sensors for feedback control: one to monitor temperature and another one to monitor humidity. The controller i.e. FLC was developed to control the compressor motor speed and fan speed in order to maintain the room temperature at or close to the setpoint temperature.
The aim of the study is to investigate the effects oils vegetable blends on the performance of single cylinder compression ignition Engine. The three types of vegetable oil appeared to affect the engine performance in a similar way and compared well with diesel fuel, this paper included prepared four samples fuels . They include (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends), (10% corn oil- 90% diesel blends) and pure diesel . The testing achieved between different fuel simples by using the engine four stroke type (TD111) with a single-cylinder and compression ratio (21:1) . The results show that there is decreasing in parameters performance of engine with using vegetable fuel blends , the brake power decrease as (7.4% ),(5.2%) and ( 1.3%) with using the samples (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90%diesel blends) respectively compared with pure diesel fuel for the engine speed of 2000 r.p.m. .While at same engine speed the ηbth showed a decrease as (10.9 %),(7.5%) and ( 5.8%) with using the (10% olive oil – 90%diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90%diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90%diesel blends) respectively compared with pure diesel fuel . At the same time , it can be found that bsfc also increases as (7.9% ) , (5.7%) and ( 2.4%) with using (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90% diesel blends)compared to pure diesel fuel . The exhaust gas temperature decrease as ( 7 0C),( 5 0C)& (3 0C) with using the samples (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90%diesel blends) respectively compared with pure diesel fuel for the engine speed of 2000 r.p.m. .
Using three-phase synchronous generators basic units in power plants, the main source for feeding alternating current. The electromagnetic force (e.m.f) given by these generators depend mainly on the number of pairs of poles in the Member excitement and speed of rotation cycles of the generator. Since the number of pairs of electrodes are part of the structural arrangement of generator will not change due to overload, but it will be the adoption of frequency only on the speed with which revolves where the generator. The power transformers are the heart's main power plants and power transmission and delivery to the consumer and based on the work of the converted electric depends on electromagnetic induction, so the performance of work directly related to the frequency in which they operate. It is through this research will be identified on the behavior of each of the born Synchronous and transferred electrical in the case of low frequency. This is done checks of laboratory and compared to examine the system simulation through the language of MATLAB has been done to change the frequency and noting the effect on each of the power factor, efficiency and organization of voltages for each of the converted and born Synchronous and show results in the form of charts.
The behaviour of multiple cracked cantilever composite beams is studied when subjected to moving periodic force. In this investigation a new model of multiple cracked composite beams under periodic moving load is solved. Three cracks are considered at different position of the beam for numerical solution. The results from experimental work compared to numerical solution. The multiple cracks are identified easily from the deflection graphs at different force speed. Influences of crack depth at different load speed are investigated
Milling includes a variety of different tasks and tools, ranging from small individual pieces to large, powerful group processes. It is one of the most commonly used techniques for producing custom parts with exact tolerances. Surface roughness of machined parts has a significant impact on the finished item's quality, which may have an impact on its tolerance and performance. This paper studies the prediction of the values of surface roughness of low-carbon steel AISI 1015 in milling operations. Three different machining parameters with nine variable samples are selected to investigate the resultant surface roughness of the AISI 1015 low-carbon steel samples, including different spindle speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut. The results revealed that the feed rate of 100 mm/min at a spindle speed of 930 rpm and a depth of 1.5 mm produced the lowest surface roughness (Ra) value of 1.170 µm, while the feed rate of 300 mm/min at a spindle speed of 1100 rpm produced the greatest surface roughness value of 2.605.
The aerodynamic characteristics of forward swept wing were studied theoretically and experimentally .In the present work, theoretically a computer program was constructed to predict the pressure distribution about surface of the wing using three dimensional Low Order Subsonic Panel method. The aerodynamic coefficients of the wing were calculated from the pressure distribution which gained from tangential velocities Experimentally ,test were carried out by designing and manufacturing a wing model with special arrangement for pressure tapping, suitable for low wind tunnel testing. The entire wing was rotated rotate about an axis in the plane of symmetry and normal to the chord to produce different sweep and incidence angles for wing, by using rotating mechanism. Wind tunnel test was carried out at (Uپ‡=33.23m/s) for different swept angles and angles of attack.Comparisons were made between the predicted and experimental results. It is good and gave reasonable closeness. It was clear from the present investigation that the lift and drag characteristics for the forward swept wing are less in values compared with the swept back wing, therefore a forward swept wing can fly at higher speed corresponding to a pressure distribution associated for lower speed.
In this work, a Fuzzy Model Reference Adaptive Controller FMRAC is presented for the speed control problem of a DC motor. The proposed controller is designed in two phases. In the first phase, the model reference input-output data is used to obtain the fuzzy rules. Then the effective rules are chosen to be used in the second phase. In the second phase, the obtained controller is applied in two conditions; the non fuzzy rules or adjusting the center of output membership functions. The simulation results shows a good speed motor tracking to the model reference in the word of the step response coefficients.
The forced deflections of simply supported cracked composite beams are investigated when subjectedto moving dynamic load. The crack is modeled as rotational spring and used in the formulationof the composite beam with a moving load in sinusoid wave. The numerical solution issatisfactory compared to the experimental results. The effects of crack depth and crack positionsat different load speed are studied. The results show that the forced deflection increased withincreasing the speed ratio and crack depth.
A new technique is presented by which lateral outflows of material , from an oblique impact collision between wax projectile and a rigid surface , are collected to form a high speed single jet. This jet has been shown to be capable of producing cavities in semi-infinite target of wax in a manner similar to that produced in a hypervelocity impact situation. The produced jet capability of penetration is found to be maximum at higher velocities of impact , lower values of standoff and with projectiles having angle of obliquity in the range (â=20-25o). A preliminary theoretical model is also presented in an attempt to describe the process of jet creation and jet characteristics. The present technique is proved to be promising in simulating penetration of semi-infinite targets by the impact of high speed jet .
This study aims to investigate the impact of various construction methods on labor productivity in Iraq, focusing on traditional, prefabricated steel structures, precast concrete, and mechanical or self-build construction techniques. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing a structured survey distributed to 200 participants from different construction industry sectors, including engineers, contractors, and field workers. The survey examines key indicators of labor productivity, such as task completion speed, work quality, labor costs, safety, and project cost.The findings reveal significant differences in labor productivity across the construction methods. Traditional construction methods moderately impacted task completion speed and work quality but were less efficient in terms of cost reduction and safety. On the other hand, prefabricated and precast concrete methods demonstrated improvements in work quality, safety, and cost efficiency, although with some limitations regarding flexibility. Steel structures offered enhanced durability and faster construction times, while mechanical and self-build methods utilizing automation significantly reduced labor costs and accelerated the construction process.Based on these results, the study recommends incorporating modern construction methods, such as prefabricated and mechanical techniques, to improve overall productivity in the Iraqi construction sector. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of training and adapting to these advanced methods to ensure long-term efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness in construction projects.
Turning is the most popular machining operation. The quality of the product may be determined using a variety of metrics, such as the surface generation method and the surface roughness of the product. This work uses cutting variables to obtain the best surface quality through a mathematical model. The suggested surface generation in this work results from deriving it using the Bezier technique, with degree (5th) having six chosen control points. One of the critical indicators of the quality of machined components is the surface roughness created during the machining process. Surface roughness improvement via machining process parameter optimization has been extensively researched. The Taguchi Method and actual tests were employed for evaluating the surface quality of complicated forms; regression models with three different variables for the cutting process, such as cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate, were also used. According to the experimental findings, the most significant effect of feed rate on the surface roughness is approximately (40.9%), and the more minor effect of depth of cut on the surface roughness is almost (16.23%). In addition, the average percentage error is 4.93%, the maximum error is 0.14 mm, and the minimum error is -0.143 mm for the prediction using the regression equation.
Enhancing the hydrothermal performance of plate-fin microchannels heat sink (PFMCHS) promises smaller size and lighter weight, and then improve the heat removal in consequently increase the speed of electronic devices. In this numerical study, an innovative hydrothermal design of PFMCHS is suggested by inserting elliptic pins inside microchannels in different; aspect ratio (AR) of pin, pin number ratio (ψ) in order to optimize the hydrothermal design of this kind of heat sinks. The main objectives of this study are; investigating the effect of pins on the performance of PFMCHS by investigating the best geometry in the pinned-fin MCHS and which is higher, thermal or hydraulic performance of this kind of heat sinks and what is the optimal number of pins numerically and what about the pressure drop penalty in the proposed design, little, modest or high increase. It is seen that the thermal resistance of the pinned fin MCHS is about 50% lower, and pressure drop of it is much higher than that of the (PFMCHS) under the condition of equal wind velocity. Maximum mechanical fan power reduction obtained is about 57% for the pinned fin MCHS with ψ = 1 and Dh = 1 ×10-3 m compared to the corresponding original channel heat sink. To show the overall performance of the two parameters; aspect ratio (AR), pin number ratio (ψ), the overall JF factor is estimated and the concrete findings shows that the best hydrothermal performance is obtained at the greater aspect ratio which is around overall JF = 1.2. In addition, the trend of overall JF is going down with the pin number ratio, starting from 1.2 to 1.15. And the concrete findings show that pinned fin MCHS provides thermal performance of 1.42 times greater than the smooth one under the corresponding conditions when one pin is used in each channel
Designing an integrated communications system with efficient features is important to researchers and designers. This paper deals with a review of the most important technologies and applications that combine solar cells and communication systems such as Li-Fi technology and its principle of operation, which is a wireless system in which the optical signal is used as a carrier signal as an alternative to the traditional radio frequencies used in Wi-Fi networks, where Li-Fi relies on LED to transmit data, and at high speeds that exceed Wi-Fi technology. Solar Power Satellite (SPS) technology where the satellite is placed in a geostationary orbit in the equatorial plane. As well as the application of photovoltaic solar cells in the SOLPLANT planar antenna, and the replacement of the radiating element of the antenna with a solar cell. The solar cell can transmit and receive electromagnetic signals as well as generate direct current and can be used as antennas either as a single solar cell or group cells and has wide applications in wireless, mobile, Bluetooth and satellite systems. The solar cell has also been applied in Micro strip antenna called Solan , where the solar cell antenna can be considered as a platform for many communication applications and can also be adopted as a radio frequency transmitter and receiver. As well as the design of many antennas integrated with solar cells and compatible with the 5G communication system , in addition to the presence of many applications that combined smart phones and solar cells. This study showed that these technologies and applications provided clean, safe, high-efficiency, high-speed, data-transferring communication systems with low cost.
This search includes analysis of Fallujah water network that are fed from the old drinking water treatment station in Fallujah , which provides citizens in residential areas (AL-Jolan District, AL- Mu'tasim district, AL-Andalus district) by drinking water by using a program (EPANET) in the hydraulic network analysis .It was found their are lack in the required amount of water which estimated by about 20% due to oldness of the station and the lack of expansion by estimation the population growth the city. After input required the data in the analysis in got the results, it was noted that the three areas were getting the amount of required water, but the speed of water in the pipe network was very low and below the allowable limits (less than 1 m / s), this means that the design of the network has not takes into account the economic side and health status. The results were compared with the situated case and found a lack of water amount reaching the people as a result of trespasses and interruptions which occurring in the network, as well as the head pressure which reach the supply points fall within the permissible limits where ranging between (38-48 m) but the use of water pumps in homes lead to decrease the head pressure whenever the node far away from the drinking water station.
In this paper the artificial neural network used to predict dilly evaporation. The model was trained in MATLAB with five inputs. The inputs are Min. Temperature, Max. Temperature, average temperature, wind speed and humidity. The data collected from Alramadi meteorological station for one year. The transfer function models are sigmoid and tangent sigmoid in hidden and output layer, it is the most commonly used nonlinear activation function. The best numbers of neurons used in this paper was three nodes. The results concludes, that the artificial neural network is a good technique for predicting daily evaporation, the empirical equation can be used to compute daily evaporation (Eq.6) with regression more than 96% for all (training, validation and testing) as well as, in this model that the Max. Temperature is a most influence factor in evaporation with importance ratio equal to (30%) then humidity (26%).
Hilla cities center of province Babil is one of the most important cities in Iraq 100 km (62 mi) south of Baghdad .its relate the Governorate Baghdad with Governorates south Al-Thawra signalized intersection is one of the most important intersections in AL-Hilla city Being a major crossing point to the governorates of holy Karbala and Baghdad.The excessive traffic volumes, during the peak periods (at morning and evening), of vehicles that entering the intersection increase traffic density, reduce travel speed, increase travel time, and increase the delay values This paper aims to assess the traffic performance of Al-thawra signalized intersection in Babil city that is consistent with the existing conditions and intersection's geometric properties. For all approaches, video recording has been used to collect traffic volume data. These data are taken out of videos from Babil police cameras (department of communications and information systems)..The intersection was evaluated and analyzed using the SYNCHRO 10.0 software, and the best option was selected. The outcome of the evaluation process indicated that the intersection is operated at the level of service (LOS F) and with a control delay of 162.5 seconds.by recommending a variety of strategies, ranging from signal optimization to geometric enhancements. The suggestion of widening the pavement in the north-south direction was found to be the best solution. resulting in a decrease in vehicle delays from 162.2 seconds to 95.4 seconds and the level of service remains constant (LOS F) considered an acceptable and cost-effective solution to the intersection's problems.
This research presents a mathematical model of feed-interval scallop height, where in a machined surface there are two types of scallop height, the pick(path)-interval scallop and the feed-interval scallop. The pick-interval scallop is generated by the finite pick offset between the successive cutting paths, while the feed-interval scallop is generated by the finite increment between the successive tooth feeds. New model that describes and predicts the geometric generating mechanisms of the feed-interval scallop height have been derived using torus cutter which is commonly used in multi-axis milling machine. The machining parameters (effective tool cutter radius, feed per tooth and the magnitude of tool axis inclination angles) have been considered in theoretical and experimental work to study the effect of these parameters on this type of scallop height. From theoretical and experimental work it was found that at high-speed machining, the feed-interval scallop is more important to the surface roughness than the path-interval scallop, and the feed-interval scallop is very sensitive to the tool-axis inclination angle. The feed-interval scallop height decreased sharply and quickly within a few degrees of the tool-axis inclination to the normal workpiece surface. In general, an inclination angle equal to is good enough for all tool diameters used in the present work, namely (6,8,10 12 mm).
Severe three phase trips are simulated on four arbitrary locations of an uncontrolled power system transmission lines. The responses of three measurable state variables of the system (rotor speed, stator direct axis current, and stator quadrature - axis current) are recorded, and suitable ANNs are trained to detect and locate the positions of the corresponding trips. The paper proves that this method is quick, active and accurate to diagnose and find the locations of that kind of trips.
The scientific paper examined the possibility of developing an advanced healthcare management system in Iraq through the use of Cisco Packet Tracer software. The article stated that the aforementioned software has the potential to speed up network management operations and reduce expenses incurred in maintenance and repair activities. In addition, the article explained several challenges that may arise during the implementation of the smart hospital management system, including providing the required technical expertise, infrastructure provisions, and procedural measures necessary to protect the confidentiality of patient and employee information. The study confirmed that implementing an intelligent hospital management system in Iraq has the potential to improve healthcare quality, mitigate medical errors, enhance employee communication, and reduce disturbances within the hospital setting. Furthermore, this intervention is expected to enhance the efficiency of resource and inventory management and increase patients' experience and satisfaction with healthcare services. The article concludes that achieving the desired results in implementing a smart hospital management system using Cisco Packet Tracer software depends on the collaborative contributions of employees, managers, and technical professionals. This initiative is expected to enhance the hospital's ability to provide medical services of exceptional quality and effectively meet the diverse needs of patients.
The purposes of planning for housing and solve the housing problem of the most important topics in studies of housing also it is one of the topics broad and complex, and that the planned housing in accordance with the cost and social benefit is the solution to reduce the heights fantasy of the costs of housing. Also its negative effects on the process of housing where most of Iraq's society of the middle class is needed to adequate housing with income, especially if we consider that there is a deficit of housing dramatically in Iraq. Which is estimated at more than three million housing units and offset by a significant decrease in the rates of housing construction, also which are led to the worsening problem of housing in the country, especially those with low income, so it requires the parties responsible speed up the adoption of the strategy to solve the problem of housing in the country adopt the principle of the establishment of residential low-cost through the adoption of residential buildings, multistorey (3-4) stories as characterized by the buildings of the densities of housing appropriate of effective use with economic land and reduce the costs of housing to meet the large deficit and demand residentialdemand. In order to reach the desired goal has been studied and the reality of the housing in Ramadi in the, Ta'meem, 5 km and the 7 km areas and limited the problems of constraints related with planning housing also its components as well as access to some of the experiences of countries in planning, housing and solving the housing crisis within finding the alternatives to some traditional building materials with finding teams cost whenusingthesealternatives. Also supports research field study of three residential compounds, which aims at evaluating the appropriateness of such style housing and how to achieve social benefits and meet the standards of planning and design proposed in the scheme of public housing in Iraq which have been using the method (analysis of cost - benefit) for the trade-off to choose the best alternative of residential complexes three (and low cost, Ta'meem, the 7 km), which achieves less expensive and better utility.
Matrix converters (MCs) have attracted significant interest and found extensive applications across multiple industries owing to their desirable characteristics. These include the capability to produce sinusoidal currents at both input and output, substantial size reduction, and enhanced reliability by minimizing significant passive components. This paper explores the potential of MC technology as a viable alternative to conventional AC-DC-AC converters in industrial applications. It discusses recent advancements in MC structural configurations, modulation/control algorithms, and multiphase structures and control systems. The paper offers an in-depth review of modern industrial uses of MC technology. It also delves into different methods for managing induction motors, particularly the DTC (Direct Torque Control) approach. The study explores the intricacies of DTC and its relationship with SVM. The primary research objective is to examine the performance of an IM when operated with an SVPWM inverter, focusing on harmonic analysis of voltages and currents. Various PWM methods regulate the voltage and frequency supplied to the IM. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and SVPWM are the two most commonly used 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter strategies. The growing adoption of SVPWM is driven by its ability to reduce harmonic content in voltage and enhance the fundamental output voltage of the IM. Consequently, this study models a DTC-SVM theory-driven IM using MATLAB/SIMULINK to control the speed of induction motors. The following values were calculated for the system: Quality factor=2.236, Damping ratio=4.45, and the cut-off frequency (fc=355.88H).
The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and numerical methods are used widely for modeling andpredict the performance of manufacturing technologies. In this paper, the influence of millingparameters (spindle speed (rpm), feed rate (mm/min) and tool diameter (mm)) on material removalrate were studied based on Taguchi design of experiments method using (L16) orthogonalarray with 3 factor and 4 levels and Neural Network technique with two hidden layers and neurons.The experimental data were tested with analysis of variance and artificial neural networkmodel has been proposed to predict the responses. Analysis of variance result shows that tooldiameters were the most significant factors that effect on material removal rate. The predictedresults show a good agreement between experimental and predicted values with mean squarederror equal to (0.000001), (0.00003025), (0.002601) and (0.006889) respectively, which produceflexibility to the manufacturing industries to select the best setting based on applications.
This research project focused on examining and (rehabilitation) redesigning water networks in a city using the GIS-EPANET program in hydraulic network analysis. Due to the availability of outline data about the study area from the municipality's water distribution system (WDS), this study dealt with four cases. From a statistical calculation, the last case was best optimized, which resulted in a high pressure and an acceptable velocity as a result of high mean pressure (13.58) m, logical mean velocity (0.43) m/s, and accurate standard deviations of 1.214 and 0.48 for pressure and velocity, respectively. The study found that the network had a shortfall in pressure, estimated at 40%, due to the lack of expansion to accommodate the growing population. However, after conducting the analysis and identifying the problem, it was found that all regions were receiving adequate amounts of water. Nevertheless, the water speed in the pipelines throughout the network was deficient, below the recommended rate, with a minimum velocity of 0.02 m/s in the pipe (p3) but a minimum pressure of 7.02 m at the junction (607), indicating that the network design was ineffective. Comparing the results obtained with the real-world situation, it was discovered that the network has many violations and disruptions, causing water loss and resulting in low pressure reaching the customers. While the study found that the pressure inside the network was within acceptable modeling limits of (7–12) m, there was a reduction in the pressure charge due to the frequent use of water pumps inside the houses, especially as the circulated area was pumped further away. The error between the model and the real problem may be attributed to water leaks and disruptions from trees, gardens, landscaping, and livestock grazing, as well as the absence of a counter to calculate the water discharge volume to consumers