Responding quickly and economically to the diversification of customer needs has forced manufacturing companies adopting approaches to delivering low cost, high quality sustainable products based on finding a link between the design or the manufacturing processes and other key elements of sustainability; economic, environmental, and social. However, these approaches had limited success. The most likely reason for the lack of integration between the design and manufacturing stages of the product and complexity of addressing the above mentioned three key elements of sustainability due to existing of many variables in relation to design, manufacturing, locations, logistic operations and so on. Taking into account the required integration as well as the associated complexity of considering sustainability elements can lead to large space alternative solutions and it is more difficult to use only exact methods to the optimization of such problem. This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) approach aiming to optimize a high sustainability performance by designing a product and the corresponding manufacturing processes for that product. Process optimization is carried out in terms of the highest fitness function achieved where different objectives are to be optimized simultaneously. The proposed GA approach is applied to the industrial case example. The proposed approach can assist decision makers to help explain when justifying their decision on what are the best product design and its manufacturing processes to obtain high sustainability performance.
The city of Fallujah suffers from bad design in their network and it still dominated by the same pattern of the road and street network system that was produced by the previous stages of the development of the city, which is awaiting the necessary and appropriate solutions, which calls for planning to modernize the road network and streets in it that can accommodate the reality of the city’s condition and the proposed expansions for its subsequent urban growth. The transportation network in Fallujah city was chosen as a case study, the network was divided into roads and intersections, the evaluation included two main roads and eleven sectoral roads, eleven arterial roads, and twenty-five intersections. The network was evaluated in three stages, the first stage was traffic flow and service level, the second stage was evaluating the network in terms of road and intersections marking, while the third stage concerned with evaluating the network in terms of sustainability. The HCS 2010 program was applied to evaluate the first stage, while the second and third stages were evaluated based on the field survey. The results of the first stage showed that most parts of the network in the northern zone suffer from traffic problems and have a low level of service, while most parts of the network in the southern zone have a high service level and enjoy high traffic flow. Most parts of the network were suffered from bad marking, which causes many problems for the users of this network. Related to sustainability, we note a lack of interest on the part of designers or decision-makers. It was concluded that traffic solutions should be economically feasible for some parts of the network, which would lead to improving the network’s performance at the level of the three stages.
The reliability of water supply system is a critical factor in the development and the ongoing capability to succeed in life and people's health. Determining of its, with high certainty, for performance of water supply system is developed to ensure the sustainability of system. Reliability (Re) plays a great role in evaluation of system sustainability. The probability approaches have been used to evaluate the reliability problems of systems. The probability approach is failed to address the problems of reliability evaluation that comes by subjectivity, human inputs and lack of history data. This research proposed two models; I) traditional model: fuzzy reliability measure suggested by Duckstein and Shresthaand then developed by El-Baroudy; and II) developed model: fuzzy reliability-vulnerability model. The two models implemented and evaluation of water supply system by using two hypothetical systems (G and H). System (G) consists of a single pump and System (H) consists of a two parallel pumps. Triangular and trapezoidal membership functions (MFs) are used to investigate of the reliability measure to the form of the membership function. The results agree with expectations that the reliability of parallel component system {ReH (0.53)} is higher than the reliability of single component system {ReG (0.47)}. Moreover, the result by using fuzzy set reduces the effect of subjectively in process of decision-making (DM). The fuzzy reliability vulnerability is able to handle different fuzzy representations and different operation environment of system
Solar cells play a vital role in renewable energy systems, and ongoing research is dedicated to enhancing their power efficiency and longevity. Advancements in perovskite solar cells, particularly in power conversion efficiency (PCE), have shown significant progress, confirming its viability as a technology. Perovskite solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiency (PCE) levels of up to 25.5%, comparable to conventional photovoltaic technologies like silicon, gallium arsenide, and cadmium telluride. The substantial enhancement in power conversion efficiency figures over the last decade has shown a remarkable advancement in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells. This study examines the trajectory of perovskite solar cells in becoming economically feasible and generally embraced as a critical renewable energy technology. The advancement of flexible and wearable solar cells, together with miniature solar-powered sensors, has increased the efficiency of solar cell power production. Perovskite solar cells have shown a specific power of 23 W/g, much higher than traditional silicon or gallium arsenide solar cells. Further research is needed to address the challenges related to perovskite solar cells' stability and power conversion efficiency. Perovskite solar cells integrated with energy storage units have the potential to enhance the overall efficiency of the system. This study discusses an approach to improve the efficiency of novel solar cells, specifically focusing on lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells and tandem solar cells. The advancement of technology in thin films, such as hybrid nanocomposite thin films and quantum dot-sensitive solar cells, has the potential to improve the efficiency of solar cells. The primary outcome of this study is derived from the following inference: incorporating plasmatic nanostructures into thermal energy systems will enhance their efficiency and sustainability by integrating solar energy.
Transport is one of the most critical areas of urban life and an essential base for developing and developingsocieties. It is a crucial indicator of the progress and development of cities and their great benefits. It saves from themovement of people and goods and the prosperity of the economy-social, economic and environmental issuesglobally and what we are witnessing in recent times. However, despite the tremendous advancement in technology,it continues to face numerous challenges in developed and developing nations, including our own. The absorptionof the irrigated volume and any defect in the gradient causes many problems such as congestion, delays, trafficjams and the accompanying psychological, economic, social and environmental effects, energy consumption,depletion of natural resources and lifestyle. So transportation has become a concern. And it became a topic ofconcern that imposes the need to think about the preparation and development of the transportation system towardssustainability based on meeting transportation needs. In light of the negative impacts of the sustainable planningengineering dimension on the urban road network in Ramadi and for the Iraqi cities, we have thus attempted tostudy the effect of this project, given the critical impact on sustainable development and the approach used bythinking people and scholars in their studies and documents in Agenda 2030. Through evaluating the data from theresearch region, which comprised 27 Ramadi neighbourhoods, and applying them to the statistical analysis software(SPSS), it discovers that the schematic engineering dimension indicator represented by the hierarchy has direct anddecisive connection significance. The local road area index achieved the most substantial linear relationship,followed by the collective, secondary and major roads indicators. They reached a medium relationship to formulatea sustainable development system based on Ramadi and other Iraqi cities. A decision is making about sustainableurban engineering transportation. And take an approach with whatever is good for the state.
The research aims evaluates the water consumption and future demand by using the WEAP program. Five scenarios have been adopted, which is the reference scenario that showed the results of increase in water demand from (100) million cubic meters in 2015 to (397) MCM in 2035 with a water deficit in 2035 to (38) MCM. Modern irrigation methods reduce the water deficit from (38-2.9) MCM. While the use of underground water reduced the deficit from (38-26) MCM. As for the wastewater reuse scenario, the deficit decreased from (38-35) MCM. Reducing the per capita share did not reduce the water deficit.
Recently, the sustainability issue has become crucial to operation, which motivates researchers to search for naturally generated, sustainable materials, especially in automotive applications outside of reduced prices and enhanced performance. Glass-linen/Polyvinyl Butyral hybrid composites' mechanical characteristics were examined in relation to the effect of linen fiber loading. The composite and hybrid composite samples of linen/glass fiber reinforced PVB film were created using a hot press with various layering patterns. The results were high impact values with increased both tensile and flexural strength values. Compared to other hybrid composites, the mechanical behaviors of the H1 (Glass / Linen) hybrid have a greater tensile strength measuring 401.30 MPa, while, H2 (Glass / Linen/ Glass) hybrids are found to have the highest flexural strength, measuring 160.80 MPa. An optical and scanning electron microscope morphological analysis on linen hybrid composites revealed good results. This indicated decreased rates of delamination between the fibers and matrix layers. The loading of the fibers was shown to have varying effects on the composite's mechanical behaviors. The linen/glass composites also demonstrated strong interfacial adhesion, which enabled the PVB-phenolic resin to penetrate the fiber bundles and produce a matrix with the good interlocking of the fibers
This study aims to improve different properties of sustainable self-compacting concrete SCC containing treated and modified polyethylene terephthalate PET fibers. For this purpose, gamma ray surface treatment and geometric modification were utilized for the used PET fibers. Concrete fresh properties include slump flow, T500mm, L-box and sieve segregation while mechanical properties include compressive, split tensile strength, flexural strength, static modulus of elasticity and impact strength. Further, physical properties and related durability properties comprise dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, porosity and water absorption. The results obtained demonstrated that the treatment and the modification used for the PET fibers slightly reduced the fresh properties of produced sustainable SCC (slump flow, T500 mm, L-Box and sieve segregation). However, they were within the limits of the SCC specification as reported in EFNERC guidelines. Further, concrete hardened properties in terms of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, impact strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, decrease in the dry density, decrease in porosity and water absorption increased significantly.
Utilizing of subsurface water retention technology is a modern technique to retain and save the application water for sustainability of agricultural production through scheduling and management the irrigation processes. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the supplementary irrigation and rainfed water on improvement of economic water productivity for winter wheat. The experiment was conducted in open field, within Joeybeh Township, located in east of the Ramadi City, in Anbar Province, for the growing season 2018-2019. Two plots were used for comparison process, the first plot where membrane trough below the root depth was installed and supplementary irrigation system was conducted beside the rainfed water and according to scheduling the irrigation process as checkbook method. While in second plot, the membrane trough was installed and only rainfed water was depend on. Cultivated date of winter wheat was December, 20th, 2018, and the harvest date was May, 10th, 2019. The obtained result was showed that the crop yield and economic water productivity from the first plot and the second plot were equaled to 0.52 kg/m2 and 0.35 kg/m2, and 930 ID/m3 and 800 ID/m3, respectively. The increasing value of crop yield and economic water productivity in the first plot was more than that in the second plot by 49 % and 16 %, respectively. The benefits of applying supplementary irrigation system with installing the new techniques of retaining the applied water were sufficient in improvement the crop yield and accordingly improved value of the economic water productivity.
Prefabricated schools are educational structures of great significance and utility, especially given our country's current challenges. They expedite construction, reduce environmental impacts, and enhance educational activities with strong structural integrity and comfortable, flexible, and healthy design. A compelling comparison can be made with traditional concrete schools. With advancements in technology and information in engineering and the construction industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has emerged, playing a vital role in prefabricated concrete engineering through 3D modeling simulations.Numerous challenges are encountered, such as meeting client requirements, project delays, cost overruns, quality issues, stakeholder conflicts, labor shortages, safety concerns, increased change orders, material wastage, and project complexity. Developed countries utilize BIM to mitigate these challenges and profoundly improve the AEC industry's performance. BIM tools provide a comprehensive building visualization, empowering stakeholders to make informed decisions that ensure efficiency, sustainability, and cost savings. These features motivate engineers and contractors to rely on them as essential engineering applications.This research involves modeling a school building in the Revit program, studying work flow between Revit and ETABS program, and conducting a dynamic analysis of the model from Revit. It also emphasizes the benefits of prefabricated construction and BIM technology, facilitated by Revit. The study emphasizes how important it is to visualize the building's actual form before beginning the design and decision-making processes.in summery, this study provides the possibility of growth and application in the industrialization of the construction industry and raise the project's overall quality. The development of tools and plugins programmed to reduce interoperability problems between various software packages allows for integrating all design activities.