Cover
Vol. 15 No. 2 (2024)

Published: November 15, 2024

Pages: 100-111

Research Paper

Miniaturized Multiband Reconfigurable Antenna at Sub-6 and mm-Wave Band Based on Fractal Geometry

Abstract

This work presents a compact reconfigurable antenna based on fractal geometry. The investigation discusses the challenges of lower antenna gain and bandwidth, critical for efficient data propagation in 5G systems, particularly for low-profile devices. Its goal is to develop a small, multiband antenna capable of operating in all current and future 5G bands and improve bandwidth and gain for mm-wave and sub-6 GHz applications. The proposed design covers the sub-6 band (2.8, 3.9, 4, 6.2) GHz and the mm-wave band (24.4, 27.1, 28.5, 29.3, 30.6, 33.9, 34.6, 35.2, 38.8, 44.4, 45.1, 59.7, 61.5, 62.3, 65.2, 67.4 and 69.5) GHz with S11 less than -10 dB. A maximum gain of 12.8 dB and a radiation efficiency of 94% are achieved. A partial ground plane with a 50 Ω feed line is used in this design. The antenna is printed on a Roger RT 5880 substrate with a relative dielectric constant 2.2 with a total dimension of 35×32.5×0.8 mm³. The proposed design is simulated using CST software, ensuring accurate calculations and performance evaluation.

References

  1. S. S. S. Srinivas, H. Kumar, C. H. Latha, S. Suresh, B. Brahmaiah, and L. Ganesh, “Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antennae For 5g Applications,” Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECA49313.2020.9297427
  2. R. Isa et al., “Reconfigurable pattern patch antenna for mid-band 5G: A review,” Comput. Mater. Contin., vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 2699–2725, 2022, https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2022.019769
  3. Ferouani and W. Moulessehoul, “Frequency Reconfigurable Pentagon Patch Antenna Using PIN Diode for Wireless Applications,” vol. 2, pp. 24–28, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153370.
  4. A. L. Abbas, S. Member, and N. Nguyen-trong, “Polarization-Reconfigurable Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave 5G,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 131214–131220, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2939815.
  5. T. Çelik, L. Alatan, and Ö. Aydin Çivi, “A compact pattern reconfigurable antenna employing shorted quarterwave quarter-wave quarter-wave patch antennas,” Turkish J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 2179–2189, 2022, https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0632.3932.
  6. A. Palsokar and S. L. Lahudkar, “Frequency and pattern reconfigurable rectangular patch antenna using single PIN diode,” AEU - Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 125, Oct. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153370.
  7. Shanmugam, “Design and Analysis of a Frequency Reconfigurable Penta-Band Antenna for WLAN and 5G Applications,” J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 228–235, Jul. 2021,https://doi.org/10.26866/jees.2021.3.r.30
  8. Al Ahmad, “Compact single ‐ varactorsingle-varactor diode frequency ‐ reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna,” no. November 2020, pp. 1100–1107, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12117
  9. Quddious, M. A. B. Abbasi, M. A. Antoniades, P. Vryonides, V. Fusco, and S. Nikolaou, “Dynamically Reconfigurable UWB Antenna Using an FET Switch Powered by Wireless RF Harvested Energy,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 5872–5881, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2020.2988941
  10. G. Sravani et al., “Design of reconfigurable antenna by capacitive type RF MEMS switch for 5G applications,” Microsyst. Technol., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 845–853, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-020-04958-8
  11. K. Abd, J. M. Rasool, Z. S. A. S. A. Rahman, and Y. I. A. Al-Yasir, “Design and Analysis of Novel Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna Using Dip Switch and Covering 5G-Sub-6-GHz and C-Band Applications,” Electron., vol. 11, no. 20, Oct. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203368
  12. Muduli, M. K. Kanneboina, and K. Vamsi, “A Reconfigurable Wearable Antenna for Mid Band 5G Applications,” 2021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012051
  13. M. Oumar and L. N. Shyan, “A compact reconfigurable slotted microstrip patch antenna using pin diode for wireless applications,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Institute of Physics Publishing, Jun. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1228/1/012074
  14. Kumar, B. Basu, and F. A. Talukdar, “Modeling of a PIN diode RF switch for reconfigurable antenna application,” Sci. Iran., vol. 26, no. 3 D, pp. 1714–1723, 2019, https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2018.20110
  15. K. Patel et al., “Multiband and Low-Proole Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna Design Using Single PIN diode for WiFi/GPS applications,” 2021, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-872444/v1
  16. S. Kamel and A. S. Abdulhadi, “Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna Design Based On Fractal Structure For 5g Applications,” pp. 1–10, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://ijict.edu.iq
  17. G. Awan, M. Latif, F. G. Awan, T. Mehmood, and M. Latif, “Reconfigurable Antenna for 4G LTE and 5G Applications,” Procedia Manufacturing, 2022.
  18. Trzebiatowski, M. Rzymowski, L. Kulas, and K. Nyka, “Simple 60 GHz Switched Beam Antenna for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications,” IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 38–42, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2020.3038260.
  19. A. Refaat, H. A. Mohamed, A. M. Abdelhady, and A. S. S. Mohra, “A 28 / 38 GHz tuned reconfigurable antenna for 5G mobile communications,” Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 248–258, Jul. 2023, https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i1.pp248-258.
  20. Ahmad et al., “Design and Experimental Analysis of Multiband Compound Reconfigurable 5G Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Wireless Applications,” Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., vol. 2021, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5588105.
  21. A. Awan, A. Zaidi, N. Hussain, S. Khalid, Halima, and A. Baghdad, “Frequency Reconfigurable patch antenna for millimeter wave applications,” 2019 2nd Int. Conf. Comput. Math. Eng. Technol. iCoMET 2019, pp. 1–5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOMET.2019.8673417.
  22. El Hadri, A. Zakriti, and A. Zugari, “Reconfigurable antenna for Wi-Fi and 5G applications,” in Procedia Manufacturing, Elsevier B.V., 2020, pp. 793–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.007.
  23. A. Malar and R. S. Ganesh, “Novel aperture coupled fractal antenna for Internet of wearable things (IoWT),” Meas. Sensors, vol. 24, no. July, p. 100533, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.007.
  24. N. Gençoğlan, Ş. Çolak, and M. Palandöken, “Spiral-Resonator-Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Design for Sub-6 GHz Applications,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 15, Aug. 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158719.
  25. Ullah et al., “A Compact Frequency and Radiation Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Multistandard Sub-6 GHz Wireless Applications,” Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., vol. 2022, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4658082.
  26. Subramaniam, A. Sathish Kumar Selvaperumal, V. Jayapal, L. Subramaniam, and S. Kumar Selvaperumal, “High Gain Compact Multi-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5g Network Wireless power transfer using conical and spiral coils View project 5G Mobile Antenna View project High Gain Compact Multi-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5g Network,” Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1390–1410, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339487905
  27. K. Shereen and M. I. Khattak, “A Hybrid Reconfigurability Structure for a Novel 5G Monopole Antenna for Future Mobile Communications at 28/38 GHz,” Arab. J. Sci. Eng., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 2745–2753, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05845-8.
  28. Serhsouh, M. Himdi, H. Lebbar, and H. Vettikalladi, “Reconfigurable SIW Antenna for Fixed Frequency Beam Scanning and 5G Applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 60084–60089, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2983001.
  29. Ullah, I. Ahmad, Y. Raheem, S. Ullah, T. Ahmad, and U. Habib, “Hexagonal shaped CPW Feed based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for WLAN and Sub-6 GHz 5G applications,” 2020 Int. Conf. Emerg. Trends Smart Technol. ICETST 2020, pp. 5–8, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETST49965.2020.9080688.
  30. Anantha, L. Merugu, and P. V.D. Somasekhar Rao, “A novel single feed frequency and polarization reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna,” AEU - Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 72, pp. 8–16, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2016.11.012.