The field of image processing has several applications in our daily life. The image quality can be affected by a wide variety of deformations during image acquisition, transmission, compression, etc. Image compression is one of the applications where the quality of the image plays an important role since it can be used to evaluate the performance of various image compression techniques. Many image quality assessment metrics have been proposed. This paper proposes a new metric to assess the quality of compressed images. The principle idea of this metric is to estimate the amount of lost information during image compression process using three components: error magnitude, error location and error distribution. We denote this metric as MLD, which combines the objective assessment (error magnitude) and the subjective assessment (error location and error distribution). First, the metric is used to estimate the quality of compressed images using the JPEG algorithm as this is a standard lossy image compression technique. Then, the metric is used to estimate the quality of compressed images using other compression techniques. The results illustrate that the proposed quality metric is correlated with the subjective assessment better than other well-known objective quality metrics such as SSIM, MSE and PSNR. Moreover, using the proposed metric the JPEG2000 algorithm produces better quality results as compared to the JPEG algorithm especially for higher compression ratios
The aim of the study is to investigate the effects oils vegetable blends on the performance of single cylinder compression ignition Engine. The three types of vegetable oil appeared to affect the engine performance in a similar way and compared well with diesel fuel, this paper included prepared four samples fuels . They include (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends), (10% corn oil- 90% diesel blends) and pure diesel . The testing achieved between different fuel simples by using the engine four stroke type (TD111) with a single-cylinder and compression ratio (21:1) . The results show that there is decreasing in parameters performance of engine with using vegetable fuel blends , the brake power decrease as (7.4% ),(5.2%) and ( 1.3%) with using the samples (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90%diesel blends) respectively compared with pure diesel fuel for the engine speed of 2000 r.p.m. .While at same engine speed the ηbth showed a decrease as (10.9 %),(7.5%) and ( 5.8%) with using the (10% olive oil – 90%diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90%diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90%diesel blends) respectively compared with pure diesel fuel . At the same time , it can be found that bsfc also increases as (7.9% ) , (5.7%) and ( 2.4%) with using (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90% diesel blends)compared to pure diesel fuel . The exhaust gas temperature decrease as ( 7 0C),( 5 0C)& (3 0C) with using the samples (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90%diesel blends) respectively compared with pure diesel fuel for the engine speed of 2000 r.p.m. .
Image compression involves reducing the size of image data file, while retaining necessary information.This paper uses the facilities of the Genetic Algorithm for the enhancement of the performance of one of the popular compression method, Vector Quantization method is selected in this work. After studying this method, new proposed algorithm for mixing the Genetic Algorithm with this method was constructed and then the required programs for testing this algorithm was written. The proposed algorithm was tested by applying it on some image data files. Some fidelity measures are calculated to evaluate the performance of the new proposed algorithm. A good enhancement was recorded for the performance of the Vector Quantization method when mixed with the Genetic Algorithm. All programs were written by using Matlab (version 7.0) and these programs were executed on the Pentium III (866 MHz) personal computer.
The porous Titanium is characterized by high permeability which can assure the ingrowth of bone tissues, and consequently results in a good bonding between the metallic implant and the bone. In this work, Silicon element was added to the Commercially Pure Titanium at different weight percent of (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) to investigate its effect on the porosity percentage, mechanical properties of the resulted samples. XRD analysis stated that at (Si) content lower than (2 wt%) the alloy is single phase (α- Ti alloy), as the Silicon content increased, in addition to (αphase), (Ti5Si3) intermetallic compound developed in the alloy. Porosity measurement results showed that the porosity percentage increases with the increase in Silicon content. Wear results stated that the wear rate increases with the increase in silicon content due to the increase in porosity percentage while the hardness results stated that there is no significant effect for Ti5Si3 intermetallic compound on improving the hardness of the samples. This is attributed to its low percent and the major effect of porosity on hardness which declined the effect of Ti5Si3 by reducing the hardness of the alloy compared with the master sample. The obtained results of the (yield strength, ultimate compressive strength and Young’s modulus) were within the values that match bone’s properties. This means these materials are suitable for biomedical application
In this study the effect of sodium hydroxide on the strength of clayey soil-cement mixtures was investigated. Clay soils from three various locations of Kirkuk governorate namely Erbil, Laylan and Hawija check points were used. The effect of cement content, curing age, curing temperature and concentration of sodium hydroxide on the strength of soil-cement mixtures were investigated, through carrying out unconfined compressive strength, Triaxial compression and C.B.R tests. It was found that the use of sodium hydroxide markedly improves the strength of soil-cement mixtures. The addition of about 1% of sodium hydroxide by weight of soil could reduce about 5% of cement content by weight of soil required to stabilize the soils effectively.
Ten simply supported deep beams with high strength concrete (C55 MPa) have been casted and subjected to a four-point loading test. Different parameters were examined for their influence on specimen behavior. These parameters were the shear span to overall depth ratio (a/h), the overall depth of deep beams (h), and additional anchorage length beyond the centerline of support (la). The experimental results show that the beam capacity decreases as the shear span to the overall depth ratio increases, and the overall depth and embedment length decrease. The major effect of anchorage length on the shear strength is studied. Different failure modes were observed which do not match strut-and-tie failure modes. The shear compression and anchorage failures were con-trolled in the high compressive concrete deep beams due to bottom steel yielding. Finally, the ex-perimental test results are compared with predictions of the strut-and-tie method according to the ACI 318-14 and a good agreement was found.
Minor component analysis (MCA) of lower dimensional data is related to many signal processing applications. MCA strives to extract the "minor" direction in the data space where the variance of the data is minimal, identify the way for dimension reduction and data compression. In this paper neural networks are used to estimate the minor component of signal. This component is used to determine the Direction of Arrival Estimation (DOA) of incident signals. These signals are considered to be emitted from their emission sources .The neural networks knowing “Hebbian-networks” are used to estimate the minor component directions from signal subspace. Narrow band signals are considered here and strike an array composed of M sensors. Simulation results are introduced to shown the performance of the adaptive neural networks to estimate signal components, a comparison of the results obtained from classical method and MCA method, is presented which shows the performance of MCA over classical methods, to estimate exact signal direction from noise subspace.
The standard concrete mixing procedures indicate that during concrete mixing process, it is recommended to use fully saturated- dry surface course aggregates (FSDCA). It is clear that the exact application of this rule will produce a concrete of a good quality. But in practice, course aggregates are exposed to weather changes. This actual situation will lead to dry the course aggregates in summer and to over wet it during winter. To investigate the effect of using different moisture content course aggregates on concrete product in work site an experimental program had been done. This program consists of testing 54 concrete samples (27 cube +27 prism). The samples were divided into three groups (a, b, and c). The second group (b) was a concrete mix containing dry aggregates, while the third group (c) contained over wet aggregates and the first group (a) was the basic standard mix using (FSDCA). One third of the samples were tested in the age of 7 days, while the other third was tested in the age of 14 days and the rest after 28 days. Test results show that there are reduction in compression and flexural strengths of concrete due to the use of different moisture content course aggregates. Finally, new recommendations were concluded to be used in practice to overcome the mentioned repetitive error and to be more close to the theoretical recommendations in order to get better concrete properties.
In this paper, an analytical solution of a tapered bimodular beam has been developed. An Euler-Bernoulli beam theory with shear deformations has been utilized to obtain the solution. The bimodular beams are different from those unimodular beams in having two different moduli of elasticity one in compression and another in tension. A verification for the solution has been performed using FEM analysis with ANSYS. The results of the program were very close the results of the analytical solution presented in this paper.
Silica particles are directly introduced into polyurethane resin with different grain size and different volume fractions to obtain a new composite. Hardness, impact strength (charpy) and compression properties were studied with the conditions mentioned; Acid solutions and UV- radiation were the main environments studied on the samples prepared. The results showed that the acid affected the properties more than UV- radiation
Linearised dynamic analysis of beams subjected to lateral forces and composed of materials which have different moduli in tension and compression is presented. The position of the neutral surface was rendered independent of the spatial and temporal coordinates by introducing a special assumption which reduced the coupled nonlinear problem of the flexure of such a beam into a linear one. The actual position then became a function of section geometry and the two elastic moduli and was determined by the equivalent section method. The elemental dynamic stiffness matrix was derived using the exact displacement shape functions governed by the governing partial differential equation and the structural stiffness matrix was assembled according to the usual assembling methodology of structural analysis. Symbolic and numerical examples were solved to show the applicability and efficacy of the proposed method.
In this study an attempt is made to develop a method of analysis dealing with a multi-layer composite continuous beam , for linear material and shear connector behavior in which the slip (horizontal displacement) and uplift force (vertical displacement) are taken into consideration. The cross-sectional area for the beam consists of three layers varying in thickness and shear stiffness. The analysis is based on a approach presented by Roberts[1], basically for two layer simply supported beam, under uniform and point loads , which takes into consideration horizontal and vertical displacement in interfaces. The analysis led to a set of eight differential equations containing derivatives of the fourth and third order. A program based on the present analysis is built using finite difference method using boundary conditions. A comparison between the present analytical solution and previous studies shows close agreement. Continuous composite beams are very important element in construction of high rise buildings , multi-story frames and bridges, due to great advantages that can be obtained by using this sort of structural elements, such as reducing the beam moments, suitable reduction in deflections. The model deals with continuous beam consisting from three layers as a cross-sectional area with inter-layer slip. The cross-sectional area consist of composite material including intermediate layer from concrete and an upper and lower material with high strength in tension and compression ( i.e. steel plates or steel beams )
The main objective of this paper is to create a method for designing and studying the performance of a multistage axial flow compressor. A mathematical methodology based on aerothermodynamics is used to study the on /off design performance of the compressor. Performance curves are obtained by changing the performance parameters in terms of design parameters (diffusion factor, solidity, Mach number, and inlet flow angle). Results show the great effect of diffusion factor on increasing efficiency than that of solidity, also the effect of both (diffusion factor and solidity) in increasing the amount of compression and efficiency of the compressor. Higher efficiency was found at the mean line between the root and tip of the blade. Best lift to drag ratio is found at inlet flow angle of (55o).
The focusing in this study was on the contaminated-uncontaminated soils' properties whichstudied by performing experimental tests included, Atterberg’s limit, specific gravity, compaction,unconfined compression, and direct shear tests. Different % of crude oil was used in thecontaminated soils which are performed by mixing the soils using different percent of were oilof 3 %, 6 % and 9 % by dry weight. The main effect of oil contamination causes a reduction in theliquid and plastic limit values for clayey soil. Besides oil contamination gives a reduction in themaximum dry unit weight as well as a decreasing the optimum water content with comparisonto original soil (clayey and sandy soil). The angle of internal friction is decreased for sand whileit increases for clay is one of oil contamination results.
Previous studies showed that fire incidents cause a considerable deterioration of limestone samples' engineering and physical properties. Various laboratory tests were used in previous studies to investigate the properties of limestone. These tests included destructive and non-destructive tests like the hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, water-capillary rise test, and water transfer properties test, as well as destructive tests like the unconfined compression test and Brazilian tensile test. The stones of buildings exposed to fire are occasionally assessed on the site. This study analysed the physical and mechanical changes that occurred to the limestone samples when subjected to high temperatures, the damage mechanism, and laboratory or field damage assessment. This study also includes a review of the most significant studies that looked at how alternative cooling techniques—rapid water cooling or gradual air cooling—affect stone samples subjected to high temperatures and compared the behaviour of the samples in each scenario