Estimation of the reliability for repairable system after maintenance actions is usually based on mathematical models, which can be classified as parametric and non-parametric models where the parametric model is required a prior specified life time distribution while Non-parametric model is that relaxes of the assumption of the life time distribution. Nonparametric life time models are including proportional hazard model and proportional odd model. In this paper we develop repairable reliability model concentrate on generalized repairable model that indicate the mixture of proportional hazard model and proportional odd model. A proportional hazard-proportional odds (PH-PO) model for the purpose of to improve the repairable reliability to obtain accurate estimates of reliability for repairable industrial boiler system at normal operating conditions depending on transformation parameter for reliability prediction for repairable system that represent Beji industrial boiler in power plant. The results show the odd model better than hazard model for repairable system after preventive maintenance depends on time to repair where transformation parameter (c) equal 0.0525094 it is closer to odds model than hazard model. In addition, reliability industrial boiler in case without temperature effect is better than reliability with temperature effect by using exponential model where we note that the reliability at 500 it is worse state where degrade more than (400,450) .
A solar water heating system has been fabricated and tested to analyze the thermal performance of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) using twisted tape insert inside absorber tube with twisted ratio about TR=y/w=1.33. The performance of PTSC system was evaluated by using three main important indicators: water outlet temperature (Tout), useful energy and thermal efficiency (ηth) under the effect of mass flow rate (ṁ) ranges between 0.02 and 0.04 Kg/s with the corresponding of Reynolds number (Re) range (2000 to 4000). In a parallel, a fuzzy-logic model was proposed to predict the thermal efficiency (ηth) and Nusselt number (Nu) of PTSC depending on the experimental results. The fuzzy model consists of five input and two output parameters. The input parameters include: solar intensity (I), receiver temperature (Tr), water inlet temperature (Tin), water outlet temperature (Tout) and water mass flow ( ) while, the output include the thermal efficiency (ηth) and Nu. The final results indicate that, owing to the mixture of the swirling flow of the perforated twisted-tape insert, the perforated twist tape insert enhances the heat transfer characteristics and the thermal efficiency of the PTSC system. More specifically, the use of perforate twist tape inserts enhanced the thermal efficiency by 4% to 4.5% higher than smooth absorber tube. Also, the predicted values were found to be in close agreement with the experimental counterparts with accuracy of ~92 %. So, the suggested Fuzzy model system would have high validity and precision in forecasting the success of a PTSC system compared to that of the traditional model. Pace, versatility, and the use of expert knowledge for estimation relative to those of the traditional model are the advantages of this approach
Productivity improvement in the manufacturing industry of piping is a key challenge facing manufacturers in today's competitive markets. Improving productivity in the pipe manufacturing companies by implementing manufacturing principles that utilize simulation modeling was the purpose of this study. To improve productivity, an approach that focuses on the workstations and workforces process was suggested. The suggested approach’s goal was to increase productivity by providing customer prerequisites and leaving some products for other customers in the store. Based on the data has been gathered from the company of steel pipes, Bansal Ispat Tubes Private Limited in India, a simulation model was utilized to enhance its performance of operational. The investigation methodology consists of a simulation model, acceptable distribution, and data investigation. By simulating individual workstations and evaluating all relevant processes according to the data collected, the simulation model was built. Actual employment data were gathered from the line of manufacturing and supervisory workers, with observations carried out throughout the process of manufacturing. The used method involves videotaping of the process and interviewing workers using a video-camera. The superior continuous distributions were picked to fulfill a convenient statistical model. The results could be helps to ameliorate the manufacturing industry productivity. Furthermore, the outcomes could assist to solve the problems of scheduling in pipe manufacturing "simulating and modeling" which reveals active ways in enhancing pipe manufacturing productivity. Consequently, the findings might support well competition among companies.
In this work, a Fuzzy Model Reference Adaptive Controller FMRAC is presented for the speed control problem of a DC motor. The proposed controller is designed in two phases. In the first phase, the model reference input-output data is used to obtain the fuzzy rules. Then the effective rules are chosen to be used in the second phase. In the second phase, the obtained controller is applied in two conditions; the non fuzzy rules or adjusting the center of output membership functions. The simulation results shows a good speed motor tracking to the model reference in the word of the step response coefficients.
This research focuses on studying the speed flow density relationships which are considered the fundamental traffic flow relationships. The objective of the present study is to predict statistical models represent these relationships depending on a field survey data collected from Al-Thirthar road in Falluja city.Data were collected by using video-recording technique. The required data were abstracted, analyzed, grouped, and processed using computer programs developed for this purpose. Standard statistical analysis techniques were used to examine and analyze the observed data.FWASIM simulation traffic software program was used to verify the predicted traffic stream models, while the obtained results were presented in this research. To test the validity and reliability of the model, the output results of the predicated model were compared with the output data obtained from FWASIM model using similar input data and segment geometry. The comparison leads to consider that the developed regression model may be used to evaluate the performance of urban streets in Falluja city.
Several modal split models have been created around the world to forecast which mode of transportation will be selected by the trip - maker from among a variety of available modes of transportation. This modeling is essential from a planning standpoint, as transportation systems typically receive significant investment. In this study, the main purpose was to develop a mode choice model using multiple linear regressions for Ramadi city in Iraq. The study area was divided into traffic analysis zones (TAZ) to facilitate data collection. The data was collected through a home interview of the trip makers in their home units through a questionnaire designed for this purpose. The result showed that the most influential factors on the mode choice for the general trips model using multiple linear regressions are car ownership, age, and trip cost. This model gave a good correlation coefficient of 0.829 meaning that the independent variables explain 82.9 of variance in the dependent variable (type of mode), which will help transport planners in developing policies and solutions for future
One way of obtaining information about reliability of units is to accelerate their life by testing at higher levels of stress (such as increasing elevated temperatures or voltages). Predicting the lifetime of a unit at normal operating conditions based on data collected at accelerated conditions is a common objective of these tests. Different models of accelerated life testing are used for such extrapolations. Two statistical based models are widely used: parametric models which require a prior specified lifetime distribution, and nonparametric models that relax of the assumption of the life time distribution. The proportional odds model is a nonparametric model in accelerated life testing based on the odds function and show that it gives a more accurate reliability estimates than proportional hazard model. This paper will concentrate on the models of proportional odds nonparametric accelerated life test for reliability prediction.
The studying of the distribution of wetting patterns in soils having a stratified profile is of great importance due to the presence of this type of profile in abundance in agricultural lands, including greenhouses. Therefore, there was a need to develop a numerical program that predicts the dimensions of the wet area of the subsurface drip irrigation system under different operating conditions for purpose design and manage these systems properly to avoid water losses resulting from evaporation or deep penetration. The present study aims to develop a two-dimension model simulates the wetting pattern in stratified soils using (HYDRUS-2D) software and study the effect of soil hydraulic properties and different operating conditions on the progress of the wetness pattern and the interference pattern between two wetting fronts. Laboratory experiments were carried out for the system of subsurface drip irrigation in stratified soils that consisted of three layers (silty clay loam soil, loamy sand soil, and sand soil) arranged from bottom to up. Three different emitter flow rates 0.5, 1, and 2 l/h were tested, as well as three different initial moisture contents for each soil layer were considered. The interference pattern between two wetting fronts of two emitters with different spacing between emitters 30, 40, and 50 cm was studied. A numerical model was developed to guess the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the wetting zone for the single emitter and the pattern of interference between the two wetting fronts of two emitters. The predicted values obtained from the numerical model were compared with those obtained from laboratory experiments. Statistical analysis of the obtained data showed that the developed numerical model has a good ability to guess the dimensions of the wet pattern of the single and the two emitters and there were good agreements between the predicted and the experiments results and minimum values of RMSE ranged between 0. 5 and 3.6 were achieved.
The purpose of this paper is to present a new method to establish a kinematic model for different manipulators, whose can be simulate the move in a two-dimensional workspace.The model is applied and implemented to four robot arm manipulators witha different DOF.The first step of modelling a robot is establishing its mathematical model parameters. It requires assigning proper length and angle for each link and creation rotational matrics. Simulation based on Matlabsoftware was implemented for finding their workspace
In this paper, a proposed structure was suggested by replacing the blocks of the fast Haar Wavelet Transform (WT) with a two dimensional wavelet transform at the transmitter and the receiver sides in the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) model. This can be done by converting a 1-Dimensional vector into a 2-Dimensional matrix and process it by 2-Dimensional Wavelet Transform (2D-WT). The proposed method was applied on the OFDM in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and flat fading channel. It was concluded that the proposed method gives much better Bit Error Rate (BER) performance than the conventional OFDM model based on WT. The simulation results showed that the proposd structure outperforms the other scheme in the carried tests at the AWGN and flat fading channels.
The goal of the current investigation is to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the ultimate capacity of the composite columns consisting of a rectangular steel tube filled with concrete (RSTFC) under concentric loads. The experimental results of (222) samples collected from previous researches were used in constructing the proposed network. Totally (45) specimens were randomly chosen for network testing while the remaining (177) speci-mens were used to train the network. The information used to create the ANN model is ar-ranged into (6) variables represents the different dimensions and properties of the RSTFC col-umns. Based on the input information, a formulated network was used to estimate the columns' ultimate capacity. Results obtained from the formulated network, available laboratory tests, and Eurocode 4 and AISC equations were compared. The network values were closer to the laboratory values than the calculated values according to the specifications of the mentioned codes. It has been shown that the formulated ANN model has a high ability to estimate the RCFST ultimate capacity under concentric loads
In this paper, a proposed model based on phase matrix rotation was suggested to improve the performance of Multicarrier-Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) lies in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm under the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and frequency selective fading channel. This model is used to reduce the effect of multipath fading. The results extracted by a computer simulation for a single user, then it compared with the original technique for MC-CDMA based on FFT for both systems. As a result, it can be seen from the proposed technique that a high performance improvement was obtained over the conventional MC-CDMA, where the Bit Error Rate (BER) is widely reduced under different channel characteristics for frequency selective fading and the AWGN channel
Hydraulic actuators are one of the most viable choices due to their high power-to-weight ratio,low cost, robustness, fast response and great power supply. The present work focuses onbuilding an elevator prototype model simulates real hydraulic elevator. This model consists ofhydraulic parts (double-acting hydraulic cylinders, pump, valves, pipeline and filter) andelectronic parts (PLC, push-bottoms, relays and encoder). It is built with three floors in about300 cm height (total with the cylinder) to elevate a 30 kg payload and controlled by a PLCcontroller of (DELTA DVP-ES32) with 16 inputs and 16 outputs. The PLC receives input signals asorders from the operator as well as sensors and encoders. The PLC is programmed with WPSOFT2.46 Ladder diagram software to basically calling the elevator cabin through three locations andenabling its arrival at the desired floor. The cabin descent is achieved by using a proportionalcontrol valve which is controlled by the PLC. The cabin door is automatically opened and closedby DC motors. It is observed that, the application of this partnership between the PLC and theproportional valve in the build model helped to achieve excellent results in terms of systemcontrol and its efficiency, response, and smoothness.
The reliability of water supply system is a critical factor in the development and the ongoing capability to succeed in life and people's health. Determining of its, with high certainty, for performance of water supply system is developed to ensure the sustainability of system. Reliability (Re) plays a great role in evaluation of system sustainability. The probability approaches have been used to evaluate the reliability problems of systems. The probability approach is failed to address the problems of reliability evaluation that comes by subjectivity, human inputs and lack of history data. This research proposed two models; I) traditional model: fuzzy reliability measure suggested by Duckstein and Shresthaand then developed by El-Baroudy; and II) developed model: fuzzy reliability-vulnerability model. The two models implemented and evaluation of water supply system by using two hypothetical systems (G and H). System (G) consists of a single pump and System (H) consists of a two parallel pumps. Triangular and trapezoidal membership functions (MFs) are used to investigate of the reliability measure to the form of the membership function. The results agree with expectations that the reliability of parallel component system {ReH (0.53)} is higher than the reliability of single component system {ReG (0.47)}. Moreover, the result by using fuzzy set reduces the effect of subjectively in process of decision-making (DM). The fuzzy reliability vulnerability is able to handle different fuzzy representations and different operation environment of system
TMF (thermomechanical fatigue) damage model devoted to prediction of the high temperature fatigue lifetime of navel copper alloy (C46400) , was proposed .This model was built on the basis of the stress –number of cycles curve responsible for damage due to interaction of high temperature and fatigue. This obtained prediction compared was very favorably with the cumulative experimental TMF results.
In this study, the water evaluation and planning WEAP model was used to improve the Fallujah irrigation project with 63,000 hectares and an annual budget get 1,476 million m3/ yiod (2020-2021). The results showed the total Water used was 1,272 million m3/year and equaled 86% of Fallujah irrigation budget. The annual production was 524.4 million Kg/year for Fallujah irrigation, and total economic returns were 393.6 million $/year. The study outlined two scenarios for enhancing the irrigation system. The first scenario entailed implementing a sprinkler irrigation system for wheat and barley across all projects. This resulted in a production increase from 524.4 to 625.7 million kilograms per year and a corresponding rise in economic returns from 393.6 to 427.2 million annually. In the second scenario, a sprinkler system was adopted for wheat and barley and a trickle system for other crops. This approach led to production growth from 524.4 to 1164.9 million kilograms per year and a surge in economic returns from 393.6 to 559.4 million annually.
Traffic accidents and traffic delay have a negative impact on the mobility traffic flow due to their huge costs on the transport system. Thus one of the main primary aims for transport policy makers are reducing the negative effect of traffic accidents and traffic delay on the road network. In this study, fixed and random parameters Tobit models have been developed to model the accident rates from 20 intersections in Al-Karakh district in Baghdad City, Iraq. The safety significant of logarithm of annual average daily traffic, the percentage of heavy vehicles and the delay time for both major and minordirections for each intersection on the accident rates were evaluated. The main finding of this study shows that delay has an important effect on traffic accident rates of intersections. Regarding to the effect of other factors on traffic Accident rates, the result of the model shows that the logarithm of annual average daily flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles for both major and minor directions of the intersection are positively associated with more accident rates.
In this paper the artificial neural network used to predict dilly evaporation. The model was trained in MATLAB with five inputs. The inputs are Min. Temperature, Max. Temperature, average temperature, wind speed and humidity. The data collected from Alramadi meteorological station for one year. The transfer function models are sigmoid and tangent sigmoid in hidden and output layer, it is the most commonly used nonlinear activation function. The best numbers of neurons used in this paper was three nodes. The results concludes, that the artificial neural network is a good technique for predicting daily evaporation, the empirical equation can be used to compute daily evaporation (Eq.6) with regression more than 96% for all (training, validation and testing) as well as, in this model that the Max. Temperature is a most influence factor in evaporation with importance ratio equal to (30%) then humidity (26%).
In the current article, an experimental investigation has been implemented of flow and heat transfer characteristics in a parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) using both nano-fluids and artificial neural networks modeling. Water was used as a standard working fluid in order to compare with two different types of nano-fluid namely, nano-CuO /H2O and nano-TiO2/ H2O, both with a volume concentration of 0.02. The performance of the PTSC system was eval-uated using three main indicators: outlet water temperature, useful energy and thermal efficiency under the influence of mass flowrate ranging from 30 to 80 Lt/hr. In parallel, an artificial neural network (ANN) has been proposed to predict the thermal efficiency of PTSC depending on the experimental re-sults. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model consists of four inputs, one output parameter and two hidden layers, two neural network models (4-2-2-1) and (4-9-9-1) were built. The experimental results show that CuO/ H2O and TiO2/H2O have higher thermal performance than water. Overall, it was veri-fied that the maximum increase in thermal efficiency of TiO2/H2O and CuO/H2O compared to water was 7.12% and 19.2%, respectively. On the oth-er hand, the results of the model 4-9-9-1 of ANN provide a higher reliability and accuracy for predicting the Thermal efficiency than the model 4-2-2-1. The results revealed that the agreement in the thermal efficiency between the ANN analysis and the experimental results about of 91% and RMSE 3.951 for 4-9-9-1 and 86% and RMSE 5.278 for 4-2-21.
Recently, the investigations studies of simulating flow over spillways have increased using numerical models. Due to its important structure in the dams to pass flood wave to the downstream safely. Researches finding have shown that CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) models as the numerical method are a perfect alternative for laboratory tests. Performance analysis of the CFD platforms Ansys Fluent-2D and Flow-3D are presented, focus on finding the variations between the numerical results of the two programs to simulate the flow over ogee spillway. The present study treats the turbulence using RNG k-ε of RANS approach, and also use the Volume of Fluid (VOF) algorithm to track the water-air interaction. The Fluent-2D and Flow-3D accuracy are assessed by comparing representative flows variables (velocity; free surface profiles; pressure; and the turbulent kinetic energy). The results of both codes have been also compared with experimental data. The results of the analysis show an excellent agreement between the two platforms data, which could assist in the future by using both programs to calibrate each other, rather than traditionally relying on laboratory calibration models.
Ramadi city is suffering from severe flood problems during rainfall season as in many cities in developed countries. Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to simulate storm sew-er network in the study area and depending on design rainfall intensity of 9.6 mm/hour. The rainfall intensity was proposed to increased by two to three times of the design intensity because of the absence of metrological stations in the study area to record rainfall intensity data of the rain storm. The intensity increasing by three times led to maximizing the flood risk by 43%. The proposed management to overcoming this problem is linking the collateral lines in Al-Andalus and Alhoz suburbs by additional pipes, this method reduces the percentage of flooding to 31%. Moreover, Economic Indicators (EI) were suggested to evaluate the cost of the network develop-ment. The area index ( ) which represents the total cost of the added pipes to the total area of the suburb, and the longitudinal index ( ), which represents the total cost of the added pipes to the length of the main pipe, the magnitudes of these indexes are 178 US dollar/hectare, and 57 US dollar/m respectively.
The antenna is a Modified Broadband Butterfly Antenna (MBBA). The technical parameters of such systems are heavily influenced by the qualities of the antenna feed devices. The aperture theory of antennas uses the representation of the radiation field of the antenna as a superposition of the fields of elementary sources, characterized by their type and amplitude-phase spatial distribution. The radiation field of an antenna of finite dimensions is a superposition of inhomogeneous spherical waves emitted by the antenna elements. This paper is primarily the study process, Radiation models were calculated using the model of the cavity plates, Simple Green model, and the strict commercial Electromagnetic Simulator. The modified active rectangular patches with the Gann diode were combined into arrays of E and H plane. Calculated and measured results for these two active arrays the beam scanning, the possibilities have been demonstrated for both arrays. The results of an electrodynamics numerical simulation were obtained. Broadband and multiband radio systems have already found widespread practical applications by utilizing basic antenna parameters and characteristics.
This research presents a mathematical model of feed-interval scallop height, where in a machined surface there are two types of scallop height, the pick(path)-interval scallop and the feed-interval scallop. The pick-interval scallop is generated by the finite pick offset between the successive cutting paths, while the feed-interval scallop is generated by the finite increment between the successive tooth feeds. New model that describes and predicts the geometric generating mechanisms of the feed-interval scallop height have been derived using torus cutter which is commonly used in multi-axis milling machine. The machining parameters (effective tool cutter radius, feed per tooth and the magnitude of tool axis inclination angles) have been considered in theoretical and experimental work to study the effect of these parameters on this type of scallop height. From theoretical and experimental work it was found that at high-speed machining, the feed-interval scallop is more important to the surface roughness than the path-interval scallop, and the feed-interval scallop is very sensitive to the tool-axis inclination angle. The feed-interval scallop height decreased sharply and quickly within a few degrees of the tool-axis inclination to the normal workpiece surface. In general, an inclination angle equal to is good enough for all tool diameters used in the present work, namely (6,8,10 12 mm).
The universal motor, versatile and capable of running on both AC and DC sources, is utilized in various household appliances and power tools. This paper presents a featured methodology for analyzing a universal motor (UM) that does not have design data by extracting it via reverse engineering. These gained data were used to model the motor by Maxwell program and analyzing it by finite element method (FEM). Adopting the Maxwell program's drawing capability to design the square-shaped stator of a universal motor not part of the program library will also enable the Maxwell program to be widely used and unrestricted to use with particular motor designs. After modeling and solving the motor model, the performance characteristics of UM when operated with alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) power supplies were investigated. The UM simulation results were compared with test results with good agreement. The success of a proposed methodology paved the way for the analysis of any electric motor included in the Maxwell program, even if this motor does not have design data.
The present study was concerned with the analysis, simulation of the air flow pat-terns and thermal comfort levels in the University of Anbar at conferences hall (Ibn Al Haitham hall). The study was performed in a hot - dry season. The pur-pose of the present work was to investigate the level of thermal comfort and the influence of the air flow on the flow patterns at the conferences hall. It has been assumed that the total number of occupying audiences in the hall was approxi-mately 100 persons. The present work simulated and analyzed four hypothetical cases, namely: in the first case, the hall was assumed as an empty place, whereas the other three cases were performed by redistribution for the three units of air conditioning, the hall was assumed as a filled place with persons in September 2019. The study was accomplished using simulation techniques, a CFD code (FLUENT 6.2) v.17, which is commercially available. The CFD modelling tech-niques were applied to solve the continuity, momentum and the energy conserva-tion equations in addition to the Turbulence k-є (RNG) model equations for a tur-bulence closure model. Thermal comfort was assessed by finding the values of predicted mean vote (PMV), predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD), and ASHRAE standard-55. In conclusion, the second case was the superior in compar-ison to these other cases. It was noted that the PMV value was 0.17, whereas the PPD value was 6.79 at the breathing level.
Materials selection is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems because the large numberof factors affecting on decision making. The best choice of available material is critical to thecompetitiveness and success of the manufacturing organisation. The analytical hierarchy process(AHP) is an important tool to solve MCDM problems. The choosing process of suitable material(such as a refrigerant fluid) for the Air Condition System (ACS) is faced with challenges such aslack of a systematic approach in setting the optimal performance in terms of its impact on theenvironment and operation. Selecting process for the one refrigerant from a range suitable ofsuitable refrigerant is complex process. The study presents a comparative performance analysisof ACS for using four alternative refrigerants R290, R410, R404 and R22. Then, one of these suitablerefrigerant is selected. The comparison is based on three criteria system operation, environmentand maintenance.Novels ACS performance assessment model is proposed based on an analytical hierarchy process(AHP). The model is based on two main criteria of ACS, quantitative criteria, cooling capacity(CC), coefficient of performance (COP), etc.).And qualitative criteria (Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), Global Warming Potential (GWP) andmaintenance cost (MC)). It is necessary to look for new technique help decision making to selectalternative refrigerants, to fulfill the goals of the international protocols (Montreal and Kyoto)and optimum operation, to satisfy the growing worldwide demand, in addition the increase outdoortemperature in some countries.This study provides a developed methodology for evaluating ACS performance. Moreover, it helpsto select a robust decision. The results obtained from AHP process that the best rank of the suitablerefrigerant was R404 (0.3763) followed by R22 (0.3657) and so on for the other. Therefore,the proposed methodology can help the decision maker to select the best alternative for bothcriteria (qualitative and quantitative) in complex selecting process.
Recently, the use of sandwich panels has become increasingly important. This is due to its good mechanical properties and high strength-to-weight ratio. It is used in many fields, especially in aviation, construction and aerospace. It is necessary to know the behavior of the materials used, especially the free vibrations, to know the effect of external factors on the sandwich panels. The honeycomb core sandwich panel was studied. A model for analysis and modeling is proposed. A previous model was chosen for analysis and comparison. Hoff theory was applied to convert honeycomb sandwich panel into equivalent sandwich panel to facilitate the solution and save time. The limits were considered fixed on the one hand and moving on the other hand, and the ANSYS program was used to analyze and extract the results, and the results were compared and were promising and accurate, which proves to us the validity and accuracy of the proposed theoretical results
Pile foundations are typically employed when top-soil layers are unstable and incapable of bearing super-structural pressures. Accurately modeling pile behavior is crucial for ensuring optimal structural and serviceability performance. However, traditional methods such as pregnancy testing, while highly accurate, are expensive and time-consuming. Consequently, various approaches have been developed to predict load settlement behavior, including using artificial neural networks (ANNs). ANNs offer the advantage of accurately replicating substrate behavior's nonlinear and intricate relationship without requiring prior formulation.This research aims to employ artificial neural network (ANN) modeling techniques to simulate the load-settlement relationship of drilled piles. The primary aims of this study are threefold: firstly, to assess the effectiveness of the generated ANN model by comparing its results with experimental pile load test data; secondly, to establish a validation method for ANN models; and thirdly, to conduct a sensitivity analysis to identify the significant input factors that influence the model outputs. In addition, this study undertakes a comprehensive review of prior research on using artificial neural networks for predicting pile behavior. Evaluating efficiency measurement indicators demonstrates exceptional performance, particularly concerning the agreement between the predicted and measured pile settlement. The correlation coefficient (R) and coefficient of determination (R^2) indicate a strong correlation between the predicted and measured values, with values of 0.965 and 0.938, respectively. The root mean squared error (RMSE) is 0.051, indicating a small deviation between the predicted and actual values. The mean percentage error (MPE) is 11%, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 21.83%.
The extensive global competition between companies and the development of new industrial technologies have greatly contributed to the current competitive conditions Like industrial companies, customers demand high quality products, low prices and better performance. This fierce competition has led to concerns about improved product design. This development is based on GQFD. Model of this developed Water pump is employed by CAD solid model (version 7). In order to achieve competition and high quality and high performance in the Iraqi market. GQFD demonstrates the balance between product development and environmental protection. Used a water pump for a home air cooler as a case study. Data is collected and distributed using personal interview methods and questionnaire forms to indicate customer requirements. The data is then analyzed using Pareto chart and AHP to prioritize customer needs. These priorities are then placed in house of quality and matrix of relationships between customer requirements and technical characteristics is established. The product has been developed from electrical to mechanical, in addition to using accumulated, stored and recycled materials; it also saves 20% of energy, thereby combining energy reduction with the use of damaged materials and their re-entry into work. As a result, the cost of pump manufacturing will decrease
WMAN (wireless metropolitan area network) technology is based on the IEEE 802.16 air interface standard suite, which provides the wireless technology for fixed and nomadic data access. WMAN employs orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and supports adaptive modulation and coding depending on the channel conditions. The objective of this paper is to study the performance of the IEEE 802.16d WMAN physical layer under Nakagami model as a Multi-path and frequency-selective fading channel beside the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Doppler. Finally, we compared it with the Rayleigh fading model. The transmission bit rate, Probability of Error ( ) and estimated SNR have been compared under single/multi path propagation conditions.
The feasibility of using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for controlling time- varying dynamical system is presented. The direct adjusting of neural controller by direct adaptive control (DAC) is available, by using the error between output of plant and desired input. The finite recurrent back propagation (FRBP) is used in the learning process, because the ability of this method to capture the nonlinearly and overcome the problem of time varying system. Hybrid controller structure used in this paper, where the parameters of classical controller are adjusted with time at specified freezing points for time varying dynamical system, and summed the outputs of two controllers and enter to the plant, identify of system by ANN to get the optimal initial condition for neuro controller. A single channel for Spacecraft model is used as an example in this paper, satisfactory results are obtained, which explain the ability of recurrent neural network (RNN) to identify time varying dynamical system and overcome for all its problem and explain the ability of this structure of hybrid neuro controller to use with time varying dynamical system.
RSM and DOEs approach were used to optimize parameters for hypoeutectic A356 Alloy. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was adopted to identify the effects of process parameters on the performance characteristics in the inclined plate casting process of semisolid A356 alloy which are developed using the Response surface methodology (RSM) to explain the influences of two processing parameters (tilting angle and cooling length) on the performance characteristics of the Mean Particle Size (MPS) of α-Al solid phase and to obtain optimal level of the process parameters. The residuals for the particle size were found to be of significant effect on the response and the predicted regression model has extracted all available information from the experimental data. By applying regression analysis, a mathematical predictive model of the particle size was developed as a function of the inclined plate casting process parameters. In this study, the DOEs results indicated that the optimum setting was approx. (44) degree tilt angle and (42) cm cooling length with particle size (30.5) μm
In geotechnical engineering, considered the seepage of water that occur through the soil medium is one of the important problems that must be accurately studied; therefor, knowledge of influencing factors on the value of seepage for the soil is a necessary when designing an earth dam. In this study seepage through Al-Wand dam was analyze by using SEEP/W model. It is a sub- program of Geo- Studio where it used to determine amount of seepage through the body of the dam and study the effect of the change of thickness of core and effect of construction without filter in amount of leakage. The results were that the quantity of leakage was small effected when reducing the thickness of core and when construct the Al-Wand dam without filter at different level of water in upstream.
This paper specifies a proposed improvement model of Data Encryption Standard (DES) which may be used to protect sensitive data. Protection of data during transmission may be necessary to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the transformation represented by data. Instead of expansion step in each round which made by copying 16 bit from 32 bits data in each right side of the standard algorithm, the unused 8-bits as a key (sometimes it is used for error detection and correction purposes, or it is possible to generate an additional 8-bits with the 56-bits standard key) in the first starting round with the other 8-neglected bits from each of 16 round in the key algorithm will be used, and take the same locations of the expanded data. As a result, the complexity to cryptanalysis of the secured data has been increased. The proposed method was more active and reliable than standard conventional DES, where it can be switched to the system at any round for working with original DES algorithm, which means that an additional security has been added
This new methodology utilizes Quality Function Deployment (QFD) with Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) together for improving product planning stage, hence, the product development, because this stage precedes the manufacturing stage and is regarded as an important stage in the product development. The proposed methodology consists of two models; namely: (1) Curent QFD Model. (2) Current AHP Model. It was applied practically to demonstrate the models' applicability and suitability, and develop liquid Gas Cylinder Valve produced at Al-Ikhaa General Company (IGC) for Mechanical Industries. "Thus it was possible to find out the critical and important specifications for improving product planning which should be considered in product development". These specifications have high ranking and Scaled Value Technical Ratings (SVTR) of over (50%). SVTR have values as follows: (1) (1.0000) for Pad (H1), then (2) (0.9270) for piston (H4), (3) (0.9195) for gasket (H12), (4) (0.8236) for safety valve (H6), (5) (0.8156) for sealing 1 (H5), (6) (0.6935) for sealing 2 (H9), (7) (0.5441) for installing the regulator with valve (H10) and (8) (0.5220) for spring2 (H7). When applying AHP method, various results were obtained. Based on the final score of Al-Ikhaa Company, where the highest defects value was (45%) was reported in the production processes. Also, values of maintenance dismantling 23%, Product assemblage 12% and maintenance assemblage 9% of the Product values.
In this article, an experimental study of the single-pass hybrid (PV/T) collector is conducted in the climatic conditions of Fallujah city, where the experimental results are compared with a previous research to validate the results. The effect of changing the angle of inclination of the hybrid collector (PV/T) and its effect on the electrical power in the range (20°-50°) is studied. The optimum angle of the collector is found to be 30°, which gives a maximum electrical power of 58.8 W at average solar radiation of 734.35 W/m2. In another experimental study with different air flow rates ranged from 0.04 kg/s to 0163 kg/s, where it is found that the maximum electrical power of 57.66 W at an air flow rate of 0.135 kg/s, while the maximum thermal efficiency reaches 33.53% at an air flow of 0.163 kg/s at average solar radiation of 786 W/m2.
In this research a simply supported beam is used as a master structure with unknown number of attachments (fuzzy substructure) which is modeled as a system of 1-DOF attachments. Two types of attachments models were studied, namely 1-DOF mass attachment model and 1-DOF mass-spring attachment model. It is shown that the effect of attachments on the master structure natural frequencies when modeled as (mass-spring substructure) is larger than that when modeled as (mass substructure) for the same attachment mass. Engineering Statistics and normal distribution were used to find the values of the attachments to be added to the simply supported beam to improve the dynamical properties of the master structure and to find the best distribution of the attachment. The results also show that the distribution of the additional substructure can produce a great change in the natural frequencies so that the proposed statistical approach can be used to find the best distribution of attachments and number, value and location of the additional substructure .
Viscoelasticity, as its name implies, is a generalization of elasticity and viscosity. Many industrial applications use viscoelastic matrix with reinforcement fiber to obtained better properties. Tensile testing of matrix and one types of fabric polyamide composites was performed at various loading rates ranging from (8.16* 10-5 to 11.66 * 10-5 m/sec) using a servohydraulic testing apparatus. The kind of reinforcement, random glass fiber (RGF), and the kind of matrix, epoxy (E) are used shown that the linear strain (،ـ 0.5) for the three parameter model gives a good agreement with experimental results. The results showed that both tensile strength and failure strain of these matrices and composites tend to decrease with increase of strain rate. The experimental results were comparison with numerical results by using ANSYS 5.4 program for simple study case has shown some agreement. Fracture regions of the tested specimens were also observed to study micro mechanisms of tensile failure.
The most common type of abrasive water jet is known as a valuable and advanced non-traditional machining operation due to its no heat-affected zone, best in removing material, very environmentally friendly, and no mechanical stresses. This paper gives an idea about Abrasive water jets in terms of applications, advantages, and limitations. Also illustrates the influence of the parameters on the material removal rate. The effect of feed rate, pressure, and stand-off distance were worked, at three levels for material removal rate (MRR) to machining Aluminium alloy type-5083 by using a tool consisting of a mixture of 70% water and 30% abrasives of red garnet. The distance of the standoff has the most significant impact on the rate of material removal, which is subsequently followed by the feed rate and finally the pressure. The findings demonstrated that the Taguchi model is capable of making accurate predictions regarding the machining reactions, with a rate of material removal of 93.3%.
This paper presents an analytical investigation which includes the use of three dimensional nonlinear finite elements to model the performance of the space trusses by using (ANSYS 11.0) computer program. The numerical results show very good agreement (100%) with experimental results, while the graphical option reflects the behavior of the structure under the applied loads because of the ability of this option to simulate the real behavior of the structure under these loads. Also finite element models of the space truss simulate the lateral deflection of the top chord members especially at the corners, and the twisting of the bottom chords.
The demand for strengthening structures becomes necessary when an increase in load is inevitable. For instance very little information is available on the time-dependent behaviour of strengthened concrete columns. Also, this is a primary factor hindering the widespread uses of FRP strengthening technologies in the construction implementations. This paper investigates the behaviour of strengthened concrete columns with FRP sheets subjected to long-term loading by non linear finite element analysis using ANSYS computer package. A three-dimensional finite element model has been used in this investigation. This study achieved a good agreement between numerical and experimental results, it was found that the percentage of error of specimens do not pass (5%) for creep strain. In addition, a parametric study was performed to study the effect of different factors on the behaviour of FRP strengthened concrete columns.
Natural convection heat transfer in two-dimensional region formed by constant heat flux horizontal flat tube concentrically located in cooled horizontal cylinder studied numerically. The model solved using the FLUENT CFD package. The numerical simulations covered a range of hydraulic radius ratio (5, 7.5, and 10) at orientation angles from (0o up to 90o). The results showed that the average Nusselt number increases with hydraulic radius ratio, orientation angles and Rayleigh number. As well as enhancement ratio for Nusselt number at orientation angle 90o and hydraulic radius ratio 7.5 equal 24.87%. Both the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for different cases are illustrated velocity vectors and temperature contours that obtained from the CFD code. The results for the average Nusselt numbers are compared with previous works and show good agreement.
This paper offers the linear analysis of the static behavior of two directional functionally graded(2D-FG) cylindrical panels under the effect of internal symmetric loads. The mechanicalproperties of the cylindrical panel are given to be changed simultaneously through the thicknessand longitudinal directions as a function to the volume fraction of the constituents by a simplepower-law distribution. Based on Sander’s first order shear deformation shell theory (FSDT), theequations of motion for (2D-FG) panels are derived using the principle of minimum totalpotential energy (MPE). The finite element method (FEM) as an effective numerical tool isutilized to solve the equations of motion. The model has been compared with those available inthe literature and it observed good correspondence. The influences of the material variationalong the thickness and longitudinal directions, geometrical parameters, boundary conditionsand load parameters on the panel deformation are studied in detail.
In this paper, turbulent convective heat transfer in a triangular-ribbed chan-nel has been numerically investigated. SiO2-water with nanoparticles volume fraction of 4% and nanoparticles diameters of 30 nm is employed with Reyn-olds number ranging from 2000 to 8000. The governing continuity, momen-tum and energy equations in addition to low Reynolds number k-ε model have been transformed into body-fitted coordinates system and then solved using finite volume method. The effects of Reynolds number and rib heights on Nusselt number, pressure drop, thermal-hydraulic performance factor and entropy generation are presented and discussed. It is observed that the Nusselt number, pressure drop and thermal performance increase with in-creasing of Reynolds number and rib height. In addition, the highest perfor-mance factor can be obtained at Reynolds number of 6500 and rib height of 1.5 mm.
The reducing of heat gain through the outer walls of the buildings in summer will contribute in reducing the air conditioning costs. This is one of the best features of design requirements nowadays. To achieve this, the phase change materials (PCM) can be used as an embedded material in the walls to reduce heat transfer. The paraffin wax is one of the common materials used as a PCM in the building walls. The paraffin wax is used in this study with (20%) volume percentage in the external layer of the treated wall. In the present work, the treated wall (with embedded wax in the wall) and non-treated walls have been experimentally investigated. Two Iraqi wall models were employed to run the experiments, whereby these models were exposed to an external heat source using (1000 W) projector for each model. The temperatures were recorded at different locations in the walls during the charging and discharging periods. The results showed that the temperature of the internal surface for the treated wall was lower than that of the non-treated wall at the end of the discharging period (6 hr) where the temperature difference between the treated and non-treated walls was reached (1.6℃).
In this paper, the hydraulic-thermal performance of a double-pipe heat exchanger equipped with 45°-helical ribs is numerically studied. The ribbed double-pipe heat exchanger is modelled using three heights (H = 0, 2.5, 3.75, 5 mm) of 45°-helical ribs. Two numbers (4-ribs and 8-ribs) of 45°-helical ribs are attached on the outer surface of the inner pipe of the counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger and compared with a smooth double-pipe heat exchanger. Three-Dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for a laminar forced annular flow is performed in order to study the characteristics of pressure drop and convective heat transfer. In addition, the influence of rib geometries and hydraulic flow behaviour on the thermal performance is system-atically considered in the evaluations. The annular cold flow is investigated with the range of Reynolds numbers from 100 to 1000, with three heights of ribs at the same width (W = 2 mm) and inclined angles of (θ = 45°).The results illustrate that the average Nusselt number and pressure drop increase with an in-creasing number of ribs, the height of ribs and Reynold number, while the friction factor decreas-es with increasing Reynolds numbers. The percentage of averaged Nusselt number enhancement for three rib heights (H = 2.5, 3.75 and 5 mm) at 4-ribs is (34%, 65% and 71%), respectively, While for 8-ribs the enhancement percentage is (48%, 87% and 133%) as compared with the smooth double-pipe heat exchanger at Re = 100. The best performance evaluation criteria of (PEC) at (8-ribs, and H = 5 mm) is 2.8 at Re = 750. The attached 45-helical ribs in the annulus path can generate kind of secondary flows, which enhance the fluid mixing operation between the hot surface of the annular gap and the cold fluid in the mid of the annulus, which lead to a high-temperature distribution. Increasing the height of 45°-helical ribs lead to an increase in the sur-face area subjecting to convective heat transfer.
The aerodynamic characteristics of forward swept wing were studied theoretically and experimentally .In the present work, theoretically a computer program was constructed to predict the pressure distribution about surface of the wing using three dimensional Low Order Subsonic Panel method. The aerodynamic coefficients of the wing were calculated from the pressure distribution which gained from tangential velocities Experimentally ,test were carried out by designing and manufacturing a wing model with special arrangement for pressure tapping, suitable for low wind tunnel testing. The entire wing was rotated rotate about an axis in the plane of symmetry and normal to the chord to produce different sweep and incidence angles for wing, by using rotating mechanism. Wind tunnel test was carried out at (Uپ‡=33.23m/s) for different swept angles and angles of attack.Comparisons were made between the predicted and experimental results. It is good and gave reasonable closeness. It was clear from the present investigation that the lift and drag characteristics for the forward swept wing are less in values compared with the swept back wing, therefore a forward swept wing can fly at higher speed corresponding to a pressure distribution associated for lower speed.
The increasing price of fossil derivatives, global warming and energy market instabilities are a major problem. In recent years, these problems led to an increasing using of renewable energy sources such as wind energy. Wind turbine used to extract this energy from the wind to produce power or electricity. Due to low cost, easy for maintenance and it is, portability the most com-monly used among wind turbines is small axis wind turbine. Analysis to optimization power coef-ficient ( ) of a small wind turbine blade design model (Primus Wind power AIR 40 Wind Tur-bine 12VDC) are evaluated and discussed in this study. A shape of blade wind turbine is the pri-mery parapeter affected the power output of wind turbine. In this type of turbine NACA2411 used as the blade airfoil as represent shape of blade. For this goal, 185 different airfoils selected. For this purpose, using the XFOIL software to simulate the properties of each airfoil at Re (1.0*105, 1.5*105, 2.0*105, 2.5*105, 3.0*105 and 3.5*105) and angle of attack from 0˚ to 10˚, Then elimination criteria was performed for removing those airfoils would not suitable for the purpose up on their effiency. At the end of analysing Matlab software used for calculate the power coeffi-cient and selecting the best airfoils design for used manufacture anew blade for that type of small wind turbine with better power coefficient. The output of XFOIL and matlab software showed by tabulates and graphs. As a results show 3 airfoils were selected due to their performance better than other airfoils from an initial group of 185 as exemplification of the methodology namely S1210,SD7034 and S2091, The maximum that has been achieved by which used airfoil S1210 equal to 0.52 at Re 350000.
A new technique is presented by which lateral outflows of material , from an oblique impact collision between wax projectile and a rigid surface , are collected to form a high speed single jet. This jet has been shown to be capable of producing cavities in semi-infinite target of wax in a manner similar to that produced in a hypervelocity impact situation. The produced jet capability of penetration is found to be maximum at higher velocities of impact , lower values of standoff and with projectiles having angle of obliquity in the range (â=20-25o). A preliminary theoretical model is also presented in an attempt to describe the process of jet creation and jet characteristics. The present technique is proved to be promising in simulating penetration of semi-infinite targets by the impact of high speed jet .
New composite reinforced concrete beams, in which reinforced concrete component is connected to steel T-section, are proposed. The shear connection between the two components, the reinforced concrete and the T-section, is provided by the stirrups that are required for the reinforced concrete component to resist the applied shear. Experimental tests in addition to numerical analysis were conducted to determine the behaviour and strength of such beams under pure torsion. Full scale one conventional reinforced concrete beam, T1, and two composite reinforced concrete ones, T2 and T3, were tested. The degree of shear connection between the two components of beams T2 and T3 was changed by varying the number of stirrups which are used as shear connectors. The experimental results revealed approximately same torsional stiffness for the three beams at the uncracked concrete stage. The torsional strength of the composite reinforced concrete beams was greater than that of ordinary reinforced concrete one by 11% and 27% for beams T2 and T3, respectively. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted using program ABAQUS. To model the shear connection in composite reinforced concrete beam, the stirrups were connected to the web of the steel T-section by springs at the location of the stirrups. Good agreement is obtained between the results of the experimental tests and the finite element analysis. The ratios of experimental results to those of finite element analysis for torsional strength are approximately one. Under the pure torsion loading the degree of shear connection is found to have no effect on torsional capacity of beams.
Determinations of unsaturated soil parameters using experimental procedures are time consuming and difficult. In recent years, the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) has become an important tool in the interpretation of the engineering behavior of unsaturated soils. Difficulties associated with determining such parameters have justified the use of indirect determination. This paper presents the general nature of the SWCC for soils with different plasticity limits, index and gradation, in terms of gravimetric water content and degree of saturation versus soil matric suction from Anbar governorate. In order to investigate possible relationships between the plasticity limits, index, percent passing no.200 and SWCC, 7 type of soils were tested to find its SWCC experimentally and compared the result with the curves obtained from different model presented in the literature. The objectives of the paper were to check the validity of these models with the experimental results. The results shows a good agreement and to present a simple method for inferring the SWCC for soils, taking into account the liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and percent of fines passing sieve no.200.
This paper presents a method for controlling the speed of a DC motor that is energized individually by utilizing a DC-DC Buck converter that is fed from a DC source. It can be easily controlled with the help of different types of DC-DC converters. This project was introduced a study and analyses of the buck DC to DC converter with PID controller cascaded with DC motors which is simulated in MATLAB. The required speed of the DC motor can then be obtained by giving a variable regulated voltage to the armature of the DC motor. A controller of the proportional-integral type is utilized so that the user can adjust both the amount of current flowing through the DC motor as well as the rate at which it rotates. These controllers allow for a quick control response. In addition to that, this paper presents a Simulink model for a DC motor that was created with Matlab Simulink. The purpose behind the development of the current and speed controller was to achieve stable and high-speed control of the DC motor. The final step is the display of the simulation results for the proposed system, which show that they are consistent with the expected results. This paper shown the DC motors was able to reach the necessary speed within a few attempts; however, as the load rose, the settling time increased as well.
In this study an attempt is made to derive governing equations satisfying equilibrium and compatibility, for multi-layer composite simply supported beam under blast loading , for linear material and shear connector behavior in which the slip (horizontal displacement) and uplift force (vertical displacement) are taken into consideration. The analysis is based on an approach presented by Roberts, which takes into consideration horizontal and vertical displacements in interfaces. The model consists of a simply supported beam with three layers having a cross-sectional area ,different dimensions and material properties. The analysis led to a set of six differential equations containing derivatives of the fourth and third order. The blast loading was considered as a function of time. Explosions have different effects including blast, penetrations and fragmentation. The blast is the main effect which hits the structure in short duration. Multi –layer composite construction is the best type of constructions to resist the blast loading ; according to this , multi-layer composite construction is used for air-craft and marine industries. Analysis of composite beam under blast load , taking in consideration vertical and horizontal displacements, leads to six differential equations , the load is taken as a function of time.
This research project focused on examining and (rehabilitation) redesigning water networks in a city using the GIS-EPANET program in hydraulic network analysis. Due to the availability of outline data about the study area from the municipality's water distribution system (WDS), this study dealt with four cases. From a statistical calculation, the last case was best optimized, which resulted in a high pressure and an acceptable velocity as a result of high mean pressure (13.58) m, logical mean velocity (0.43) m/s, and accurate standard deviations of 1.214 and 0.48 for pressure and velocity, respectively. The study found that the network had a shortfall in pressure, estimated at 40%, due to the lack of expansion to accommodate the growing population. However, after conducting the analysis and identifying the problem, it was found that all regions were receiving adequate amounts of water. Nevertheless, the water speed in the pipelines throughout the network was deficient, below the recommended rate, with a minimum velocity of 0.02 m/s in the pipe (p3) but a minimum pressure of 7.02 m at the junction (607), indicating that the network design was ineffective. Comparing the results obtained with the real-world situation, it was discovered that the network has many violations and disruptions, causing water loss and resulting in low pressure reaching the customers. While the study found that the pressure inside the network was within acceptable modeling limits of (7–12) m, there was a reduction in the pressure charge due to the frequent use of water pumps inside the houses, especially as the circulated area was pumped further away. The error between the model and the real problem may be attributed to water leaks and disruptions from trees, gardens, landscaping, and livestock grazing, as well as the absence of a counter to calculate the water discharge volume to consumers
Concrete structures suffer from the impact of many harmful attacking materials that affect theproperties of the main material in them, which is concrete. These structures are also, exposedto the negative impact of many hostile environments such as soils containing harmful salts andharmful acids. A number of precautions should be considered in order to protect the concreteused in such structures. Adding polymer to concrete components as a percentages weight ofcement is one of the methods for producing polymer-modified concrete, which has lowpermeability, better mechanical properties and is more resistant to the negative effects ofharmful environmental factors. The utilization of polymers could help in protecting structuresand enhancing concrete strength. In this study, concrete mixes were prepared with inclusion ofstyrene butadiene rubber (SBR) polymer at four percentages (0%, 5%, 7% and 10% by cementweight). Co-polymers of butidine with styrene (styrene-butadine rubber (SBR)), are a group oflarge-volume synthetic rubbers. High adhesion occurs between the polymer films that formand cement hydrates. This action gives improves the properties of concrete such as flexuraland compressive strength and gives also a higher durability. The investigation was extended toevaluate the compressive strength of the SBR concrete mixes immersed in three types ofwaters: tap, drainage and ground water, at three different ages. The results showed that SBRpolymer enhanced the compressive strength of concrete significantly. A comparison betweenreduction in strength of concretes immersed in these three types of waters was also presented.Moreover, the presence of SBR polymer led to reduced loss in strength of concrete specimensimmersed in drainage and ground water. A proposed model to determine the compressivestrength of concrete specimens immersed in drainage and ground waters was deduced. Thismodel could be a helpful tool for rapid and easy estimation of the strength of concretespecimens immersed in drainage and ground water at different contents of SBR polymer. Theresults showed the highest improve in compressive strength to be associated with 7% SBRmixes at the three tested ages. The increases in this strength at days 7, 28 and 56 with inclusionof 7% SBR polymer were 112.8%, 113.9% and 116%, respectively, compared to OPC mix.
Indeed, there are many hydrology variables influence on the operating of dam and reservoir system. Thus, modelling of dam operation is a complicated issue due to the nonlinearity of such hydrological parameters. Hence, the identification of a modern model with a high capacity to cope with the operation of the dam is extremely important. The current research introduced good an optimization algorithm, namely Genetic Algorithm (GA) to find best operation rules. The main aim of the suggested algorithm is to minimize the difference between irrigation demand and water release value. The developed algorithm was applied to find operation rules for Timah Tasoh Dam, Malaysia. This research used significant evaluation indexes to examine the algorithms' performance. The results indicated that the GA method achieved low Vulnerability, high Resilience and Reliability. It has been demonstrated that the GA method will be a promising tool in dealing with the problem of dam operation.
Modeling and simulation are indispensable when dealing with complex engineering systems. It makes it possible to do essential assessment before systems are built, Cantilever, which help alleviate the need for expensive experiments and it can provide support in all stages of a project from conceptual design, through commissioning and operation. This study deals with intelligent techniques modeling method for nonlinear response of uniformly loaded paddle. Two Intelligent techniques had been used (Redial Base Function Neural Network and Support Vector Machine). Firstly, the stress distributions and the vertical displacements of the designed cantilevers were simulated using (ANSYS v12.1) a nonlinear finite element program, incremental stages of the nonlinear finite element analysis were generated by using 25 schemes of built paddle Cantilevers with different thickness and uniform distributed loads. The Paddle Cantilever model has 2 NN; NN1 has 5 input nodes representing the uniform distributed load and paddle size, length, width and thickness, 8 nodes at hidden layer and one output node representing the maximum deflection response and NN2 has inputs nodes representing maximum deflection and paddle size, length, width and thickness and one output representing sensitivity (∆R/R). The result shows that of the nonlinear response based upon SVM modeling better than RBFNN on basis of time, accuracy and robustness, particularly when both has same input and output data.
Prefabricated schools are educational structures of great significance and utility, especially given our country's current challenges. They expedite construction, reduce environmental impacts, and enhance educational activities with strong structural integrity and comfortable, flexible, and healthy design. A compelling comparison can be made with traditional concrete schools. With advancements in technology and information in engineering and the construction industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has emerged, playing a vital role in prefabricated concrete engineering through 3D modeling simulations.Numerous challenges are encountered, such as meeting client requirements, project delays, cost overruns, quality issues, stakeholder conflicts, labor shortages, safety concerns, increased change orders, material wastage, and project complexity. Developed countries utilize BIM to mitigate these challenges and profoundly improve the AEC industry's performance. BIM tools provide a comprehensive building visualization, empowering stakeholders to make informed decisions that ensure efficiency, sustainability, and cost savings. These features motivate engineers and contractors to rely on them as essential engineering applications.This research involves modeling a school building in the Revit program, studying work flow between Revit and ETABS program, and conducting a dynamic analysis of the model from Revit. It also emphasizes the benefits of prefabricated construction and BIM technology, facilitated by Revit. The study emphasizes how important it is to visualize the building's actual form before beginning the design and decision-making processes.in summery, this study provides the possibility of growth and application in the industrialization of the construction industry and raise the project's overall quality. The development of tools and plugins programmed to reduce interoperability problems between various software packages allows for integrating all design activities.
An experimental investigation as well as nonlinear analysis is carried out in this paper to study the behavior of polymer members (Epoxy & Polyester) under direct tension. The ANSYS model accounts for nonlinear phenomenon, such as, Tension Softening Material (TSM) and Enhanced Multilinear Isotropic Softening (EMIS) models. The polymer specimens are modeled using PLANE82 element – eight node plane element – eight node plane element, which is capable of simulating the failure behavior of polymer material members. The intention of this paper is thereby to discuss the proposed softening models to validate the complete Stress-Strain and Load-Deflection response of prismatic specimens subjected to uniaxial tension. The outcomes from the verifications of both modeling techniques have shown good agreement with the experimental results obtained from literature.
Obesity is the excess of body weight relative to height above the desired level as a result of excessive increase in the ratio of body fat mass to lean mass. It causes many health problems due to its negative effects on body systems (cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, skin, endocrine system, genitourinary system) and psychosocial status. In this study is aimed to effective detection of the eating and physical condition-based obesity stages using machine learning algorithms. The dataset contains data for the estimation of obesity stages in individuals from Mexico, Peru, and Colombia and is available as open source. There are 2111 records and 17 attributes in the dataset. In the records, obesity stages were categorized as insufficient weight, normal weight, overweight level I, overweight level II, obesity type I, obesity type II and obesity type III. The 10-fold cross-validation method was used to validate the model and the performances of the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) classification algorithms were compared. It has been determined that the highest performance among the algorithms whose performances are compared belongs to the RF Algorithm (95.78%). This paper’s abstract has been presented at the International Conference on Computational Mathematics and Engineering Sciences held in Ordu (Turkey), / 20-22 May. 2022.
In this paper, turbulent forced convection of nanofluid flow in channel with isoscelestriangularbaffles is numerically investigated over Reynolds number ranges of 5000-10000.One baffle mounted on the bottom wall of channel and another mounted on the top wall.Al2O3-water nanofluid with nanoparticles volume fraction of 4% and nanoparticles diametersof 25 nm is used. The governing continuity, momentum and energy equations as well as thelow Reynolds number k-ε model of Launder and Sharma have been solved using finitevolume method. The effect of baffle height, baffle distance as well as Reynolds number onthe flow and thermal characteristics have been presented and discussed. It is found that theenhancement ratio of the average Nusselt number as well as the fraction factor increase withincreasing in the baffles height. It is also found that the enhancement ratio of the averageNusselt number increases as the distance of top baffle decrease. Furthermore, the bestthermal-hydraulic performance of channel with triangular baffles using nanofluid can beobtained at baffle height of 2.5 mm, distance of the top baffle of 40 mm and Reynoldsnumber of 5000.
This investigation provides experimental results and nonlinear analysis by using finite element model of thick hollow core slab made from recycled lightweight material. Four hollow core slabs specimens were cast and tested in this investigation with dimensions (1200mm length, 450mm width and 250mm thickness). The crushed clay brick was used as a coarse aggregate instead of gravel. The iron powder waste and silica fume were used in order to increase the compressive strength of concrete. The techniques reduction hollow length and use shear reinforcement were used to improve shear strength and avoid shear failure. The specimens were tested by applying two-line load up to failure. The experimental results were showed these techniques were resisted the shear failure significantly and works to change failure mode from shear to flexural failure. Finite element computer software program (ANSYS) was used to analysis hollow core slabs specimens and compare the experimental results with the theoretical results. Good agreement have been obtained between experimental and numerical results.
The research studies the prediction of thermal characteristics for open designer shape of solar collector of flat plate of area 2.34m2, connected to water tank of 85 liter capacity . Mathematical model was represented and made the system of private accounts, transactions and through the creation of mathematical equations and solved numerically using the method of Finite Difference Method (FDM).The results of research is to obtain hot water at average temperatures up to 520C at mid-day during February month, as the water temperature is at its lowest value in this month in Baghdad city, with an average efficiency of the system up to 53.6% .This predictive study is compared with a previous measurement work and confirmed that the results match well.
Turning is the most popular machining operation. The quality of the product may be determined using a variety of metrics, such as the surface generation method and the surface roughness of the product. This work uses cutting variables to obtain the best surface quality through a mathematical model. The suggested surface generation in this work results from deriving it using the Bezier technique, with degree (5th) having six chosen control points. One of the critical indicators of the quality of machined components is the surface roughness created during the machining process. Surface roughness improvement via machining process parameter optimization has been extensively researched. The Taguchi Method and actual tests were employed for evaluating the surface quality of complicated forms; regression models with three different variables for the cutting process, such as cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate, were also used. According to the experimental findings, the most significant effect of feed rate on the surface roughness is approximately (40.9%), and the more minor effect of depth of cut on the surface roughness is almost (16.23%). In addition, the average percentage error is 4.93%, the maximum error is 0.14 mm, and the minimum error is -0.143 mm for the prediction using the regression equation.
In this study an attempt is made to develop a method of analysis dealing with a multi-layer composite continuous beam , for linear material and shear connector behavior in which the slip (horizontal displacement) and uplift force (vertical displacement) are taken into consideration. The cross-sectional area for the beam consists of three layers varying in thickness and shear stiffness. The analysis is based on a approach presented by Roberts[1], basically for two layer simply supported beam, under uniform and point loads , which takes into consideration horizontal and vertical displacement in interfaces. The analysis led to a set of eight differential equations containing derivatives of the fourth and third order. A program based on the present analysis is built using finite difference method using boundary conditions. A comparison between the present analytical solution and previous studies shows close agreement. Continuous composite beams are very important element in construction of high rise buildings , multi-story frames and bridges, due to great advantages that can be obtained by using this sort of structural elements, such as reducing the beam moments, suitable reduction in deflections. The model deals with continuous beam consisting from three layers as a cross-sectional area with inter-layer slip. The cross-sectional area consist of composite material including intermediate layer from concrete and an upper and lower material with high strength in tension and compression ( i.e. steel plates or steel beams )
This research provides a comparison between the performances of Sugeno type versus Mamdani-type fuzzy inference systems. The main motivation behind this research was to assess which approach provides the best performance for satellite image classification. The performance of each approach has been evaluated for six bands (from Landsat-5) for West Iraq image classification and compared with traditional method (Maximum likelihood), based on pixel-by-pixel technique. Due to the importance of performance in online systems we compare the Mamdani model, used previously, with a Sugeno formulation using four types of membership function (MF) generation methods. The first method triangular membership function using the mean, minimum and maximum of the histogram attribute values. The second approach generates triangular membership function using the peak and the standard deviation of attributes values. The third procedure generates Gaussian membership function using the mean and the standard deviation of the histogram attributes values. The fourth approach generates Gaussian membership function using the peak and the standard deviation of the histogram attributes values. The results show that the Mamdani models perform better in most of the case under study.
The development of cities in the infrastructure and urbanization and the increase in the population make people increase in the purchase of the private car, which in turn causes the congestion , pollution , accident and noise especially after 2003, as Iraq's import of cars increased to 5,800,000 cars distributed between the provinces, as 3Anbar province ranked ninth in the development number of cars with 174,000 cars according to the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Ministry of Planning. The university is the largest governmental institution that has the largest traffic volume of vehicles. We have three directions for entering the Anbar university they are east, middle and west directions. Total traffic volume from east, middle and west direction is 2165 vehicles which lead to traffic congestion in Ramadi city and Anbar university. The total traffic volume in private transportation in east, middle and west direction is 727,515 and 923 vehicles respectively. No of students in private transportation in east, middle and west direction is 4617, 3185 and3985 passengers respectively. As results of this research, there are three proposed parks one of them in the Sujaria at east direction, second park in Ramadi center at middle direction and third park in 5km area at west direction. In this paper, we make comparing between private and public transport in terms of fuel costs and time from the origin (the three proposed parks) to destination (Anbar University) assuming that private cars stopped in those three parks by using Park & Ride System and used buses with capacity of 40 passengers to transport students to the university. Depending on no. of passengers in private transportation from the three proposed parks to university we got the No. of buses from east park (Sujaria area), middle park (Ramadi center) and west park (7km area) to university which were 28, 20 and 25 bus respectively because each bus can transport four times.
The behaviour of multiple cracked cantilever composite beams is studied when subjected to moving periodic force. In this investigation a new model of multiple cracked composite beams under periodic moving load is solved. Three cracks are considered at different position of the beam for numerical solution. The results from experimental work compared to numerical solution. The multiple cracks are identified easily from the deflection graphs at different force speed. Influences of crack depth at different load speed are investigated